A) attributive, b) predicative, c) adjectives which can be either. Check your answers in the dictionary.
afraid, knotty, due, frigid, gradual, alone, ramshackle, scant, honest, dim, asleep, content, speculative, sick, maximal, sure, outdoor, sorry, polar, principal, aware, devoid, famous, preconceived
Exercise 7. Divide the following verbs into three groups:
A) transitive verbs, b) intransitive verbs, c) verbs which can be both transitive and intransitive. Check your answers in the dictionary.
cry, bear, sigh, expire, fidget, dance, claim, flourish, convince, damage, equal, kneel, smile, dream, shiver, grant, issue, laugh, surrender, droop, lack, process, release, bleed, tease
Exercise 8. Some of the verbs in the sentences below are used with infinitive, some with gerand, and some with both. Choose the correct variant and then check your answers in the dictionary.
1. Snow began (to fall/falling) again.
2. We are determined to continue (to work/working) together.
3. Peter stopped for a while and then began (to move/moving) around the room.
4. The plants want (to be watered /watering) daily.
5. Mary enjoys (to play/playing) tennis.
6. I know that she’s stopped (to smoke/smoking).
Exercise 9.Choose the correct preposition from the list below for each of the following words. Check your answes in the dictionary.
appeal – in
insure – of
detract – for
culminate – against
conceive – with
spy – to
attend – on
flirt – from
Exercise 10.Consult your dictionary and explain the difference between:
to consist of and to consist in
to die of and to die for
to gasp atand to gasp for
Exercise 11.In each of the lists below there is one word that should not be there. Can you find it?
Example: cat, dog, fish, horse. Answer: fish– because it lives in water and is not a mammal. Look up the definitions of the words in your monolingual dictionary.
1. football, chess, tennis, cricket
2. milk, juice, water, wine
3. ship, train, boat, submarine
4. skating, singing, swimming, rowing
5. fry, bake, chop, roast
6. provide, donate, borrow, supply
7. snap, nudge, pat, stroke
8. wail, weep, titter, whimper
9. bond, cent, dime, nickel
10. mauve, marvellous, magenta, tangerine
Exercise 12. Look up the words for a) the parts of the face and b) the parts of the body in an English‑Russian dictionary and match them with Russian equivalents from the list below. Give their English definitions using a monolingual dictionary.
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a) brow – устье реки
eye – ушко иглы
nose – циферблат
mouth – колос
face – нахальство
cheek – нюх
ear – выступ скалы
b) head – гвоздь
calf – мера длины
foot – стрелка (часов)
palm – руководитель
neck – теленок
nail – горлышко (бутылки)
trunk – пальма
hand – чемодан
Exercise 13. Match each word in the first column with its correct definition in the second column. Consult a monolingual dictionary.
a) «bird words»:
birdie a foolish – or inept person
chicken – objectionable or worthless
turkey – lower the head or body to avoid
cuckoo – collision with an object
duck – repeat by rote
parrot – a gof score of one stroke less than par
for the birds – timid, cowardly silly, a little crazy
b) «animal words»:
hog – to reveal secret information
buffalo – full of spite, malicious
bear – timid, fearful
mousey – nonsense
catty – to confuse or baffle
rat – to take selfishly
bull – something difficult
Exercise 14.We can say a carton of milk and a bottle of wine. What words go together with the following nouns? Consult a monolingual or combinatory dictionary.
a __ of flowers
a __ of sweets
a __ of grapes
a __ of chocolates
a __ of bread
a __ of tights
a __ of jam
a __ of soap
Exercise 15.The answers to the riddles in the first column are two words (an adjective and a noun) that rhyme. Example: What is an over weight rodent? Answer: A fat rat! Check your answers looking up the words in the second column in a monolingual dictionary.
What is a beautiful cat? – Boss
What is an unusual seat? – Kitty
What is a comical rabbit? – Child
What is an irritated employer? – Crowd
What is an angry boy? – Bunny
What is a bashful insect? – Chair
What is a large hog? – Lad
What is an uncontrollable boy or girl? – Pig
What is a joyful father? – Fly
What is a noisy group of people? – Dad
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Exercise 16. Each item in the first column links with another in the second column to form a common phrase or expression. How many pairs can you match? Consult a monolingual or combinatory dictionary.
in a – machine
out of – writing
on the – dried
in – doors
above – hurry
gift – the way
cut and – clear
answering – all
cristal – wine
lead – disappointed
family – sense
sense of – business
moral – humour
bitterly – shop
dry – move
Exercise 17. Complete the following sentence using common phrases and typical collocations. Consult a monolingual or combinatory dectionary.
1. In the end he paid for the meal but he made a… fuss about it.
2. With… luck we’ll finish on time.
3. Meals will be served outside on the terrace, weather…
4. I have a… headache.
5. I think you should begin legal… against your business part‑ner.
6. Do you have at least a mental… of how your new house will look like?
7. He has taken to teaching like a duck to…
8. The wind hit him as he… the corner.
9. I fainted and the next… I knew I was in the hospital.
10. A few minutes later the storm…, and we had to stop the
game.
Exercise 18. List the following words and phrases beneath the most likely user – computer programmer, lawer, American, today’s teenager. Use the labels in a monolingual dictionary to help you.
load, window, mouse, eraser, freehold, prat, sidewalk, tort, normalcy, candy, bookstore, lessee, uncool, moneys, menu, drugstore, vacation, legit, press clipping, stroppy, thereto, QC
Exercise 19. There are different British and American words for the same things in the kitchen. Show which is which using the abbreviations Brit.and Amer. Check your answers in a monolingual dicitionary.
cooker – stove –
scale – scales –
fish slice – spatula –
cake tin – muffin tin –
silverware – cutlery –
can opener – tin opener –
tea towel – dishcloth –
wastebasket – bin –
baking tray – cookie sheet –
breadbin – breadbox –
faucet – tap –
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Exercise 20. «Translate» the following sentences from British English into American English paying attention to the words in bold type. Consult a monolingual dictionary.
1. John has engaged a flaton the fifthfloor of a new building. Since there is usually a long queueat the lifthe frequently walks upstairs.
2. Jane purchased new trackiesin a shop just south of the roundabouton Prince Street. She then locked them in the bootof her motorcarwhile she went to the cinema.
3. While travelling along the motorway, the lorrysuffered a puncture. The day being warm, the driver stripped to his vestto begin repairs.
Dictionary and Speech
Exercise 1. Read the following texts. Look up the words in bold type in a monolingual dictionary and write the correct definition for each one.
1. On the day of Paul’s arrival in London he rang up his old friend and arrangedto dine with him at the Queen’s Restaurant in Sloane Square. It seemed quite naturalthat they should be seated at the table where they had discussed so many subjectsof publicimportance, budgets and birth control and Byzantine mosaics. For the first time since the disturbingevening of the Bollinger dinner he felt at ease. Llanabba Castle with its shamcastellations and preposterous inhabitants, had sunk into the oblivion that waits upon even the most lurid nightmares. (…) For an evening at least the shadowthat has flitted about this narrativeunder the name of Paul Pennyfeather materialized into the solidfigure of an intelligent, well‑educated, well‑conducted young man. A man who could be trusted to use his vote at a general election with discretionand proper detachment, whose opinion on a ballet or a critical essay was rather better than most people’s, who could order a dinner without embarrassmentand in a creditable French accent, who could be trusted to see to luggage at foreign railway‑stations and might be expected to acquithimself with decision and decorum in all the emergenciesof civilized life. This was the Paul Pennyfeather who had been developing in the placidyears which preceded this story.
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2. The studio was filled with the richodour of roses, and when the light summer wind stirredamidst the trees of the garden there came through the open door the heavyscent of the lilac, or the more delicateperfume of the pink‑flowered thorn.
From the corner of the divan of Persian saddle‑bags on which he was lying, smoking, as was his custom, innumerable cigarettes, Lord Henry Wotton could just catch the gleamof the honey‑sweet and honey‑coloured blossoms of a laburnum, whose tremulousbranches seemed hardly be able to bearthe burden of a beauty so flame‑like as theirs; and now and then the fantastic shadows of birds in flight flitted acrossthe long tussore‑silk curtains that were stretched in front of the huge window, producing a kind of momentaryJapanese effect, and making him think of those pallidjade‑faced painters of Tokyo who, through the mediumof an art that is necessarily immobile, seek to conveythe sense of swiftness and motion. The sullenmurmur of bees shouldering their way through the long unmown grass, or circling with monotonous insistenceround the dusty gilt horns of the stragglingwoodbine, seemed to make the stillness more oppressive. The dim roar of London was like bourdon note of a distant organ.
3. The use of language primarilyand predominantly involvesmaking noises with our speech organs and receiving other people’s speech noises through our ears. It is not a necessary condition of a language existencethat it should have a written form or indeed any form other than talk. All natural languages had very long history as solelyspeech before they were ever written down or became associatedwith rules of spelling and punctuation. Many languages exist in the world today which have still never been written down. Most of the changes that affectlanguages in time and space(the difference between Chaucer’s English and our own, for instance, or the difference between British and American English) are to be explained in terms of language as spoken and heard. Most of the difficulties we experiencein using language in what we have called here its more ‘exotic’ ways (writing an essay, for example) arise from the fact that our chief competencein the use of language lies in talking it.
Exercise 2. Read the following texts. Choose the right word for each context to complete the text below. Look up the words in bold type in a monolingual dictionary.
1. So far we can say/talk/speak/tell, all human languages/tongues are equally perfect as instruments of communication that is each/every language appears/looks/sees to be as well equipped/provided as some/anyother for saying the things its speakers wish/desire/want to say. It may or may not be appropriate to talk about naive/primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the agriculture/cultivation of rice or the printing of batik cloth. But this is not the mistake/fault/error of their language. The Eskimos, it is said, can speak about snow with far more accuracy/precision/neatness and subtlety/delicacythan we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled ‘primitive’) is inherently more accurate/precise/neat and subtle/delicate than English. This example does notillustrate/imply/involve a/an affect/defect/effect in English, a show of unexpected ‘primitiveness’. The position is simply and obviously that Eskimos and the people who speak English live in various/different environments and adapt/adopt their languages accordingly. The English language would be just as rich in terms/means/ways of different kinds of snow,preferably/presumably/predominantly, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such differentiations/differences/ distinctions important.
2. Seventeen seventy‑six, the year that we connect/associate with the signing of the Declaration of Independence, also marked/noted/noticed the publication in England of one of the most influential/affecting/affectionate books of our time, The Wealth of Nations. Written by Adam Smith, it called/earned/named the author the title/nickname/pen‑name «The father of economics».
In Smith’s view, a nation’s richness/wealth/well‑to‑do‑ness was dependent upon production, not agriculture alone. How much it produced, he trusted/believed/suspected, depended upon how well/better/best it combined/cooperated/collaborated labour and the other factors of production. The more efficient/effective/efficacious the combination, the bigger/greater/larger
the output, and the bigger/greater/largerthe nation’s wealth.
The heart/head/handof Smith’s economic/economical philosophy was his belief that the economy/economics would work best if left to function on its own without government rule/regulation. In those circumstances, self‑interest would lead/make firms to produce only those produce/products/production that consumers/clients/suppliers wanted, and to produce them at the lowest possible price/cost. They would do this, not as a means of benefiting society, but as an effort/effect/affect to outperform their competitors and gain the greatest profit/benefit/income. But all this self‑interest would benefit the society as awhole/hole by providing it with more and better goods and services, at the lowest price/cost.
3. The apparent/obvious/evident solidity and permanence of custom and tradition are, of course, strong characteristics/traits of British culture. But they are greatly/highly/exclusively deceptive, for the institutes/institutions/bodies which appear toembody/include/embrace the permanence of these traditions are not static/stable/fixed. The monarchy is a good example, since although it had already been confined/limited by the constitutional revolution of 1688, its function began to change radically/rationally/racially in the nineteenth century and has been changing ever since/from/yet. In the nineteenth century, Queen Victoria’s German husband, Albert, recognized more readily than his wife the functional/fundamental/furious changes participating/taking part/taking place in society. If the monarchy had a future, it should no longer seek/grope/look for support from the rapidly destroying/declining/defaulting old aristocracy (which had been important politically in the eighteenth century), but fall/concentrate on the increasingly/insistingly/initially powerful town/urban/city classes created by the Industrial Revolution. Albert and Victoria began that process by making royalty more publican/public/publicizing, and consciously offered to the nation a model/sample/example of family life. The mediocre/middle/intermediate and working classes of Britain’s growing towns and cities loved it.
Exercise 3. Read the following sentences. Use your general purpose dictionary, synonym dictionary or thesaurus to find a word that could replace the word is bold type. Then find a word that is opposite in meaning.
Example:The fruit shriveled in the hot sun.
Synonym: withered.
Antonym:flourished.
1. The foundationof the old hotel was damaged in the earthquake.
2. The discovery of DNA has led to many breakthroughsin finding cures for hereditary diseases.
3. The man who was leadingthe group through the jungle had been raised there.
4. A formerOlympic ice‑skater has accepted the position of instructor at the skating‑rink.
5. The towering decorated tree in the city square was a marvelloussight to see.
6. The prairie grass vanishedin a summer storm of locusts.
7. The two countries decided that a mutualtrade agreement was the solution to the problem.
8. The beaming child had a look of total innocenceabout her.
9. Consumers are reluctantto change their spending habits.
10. A musty atmosphere permeatedthe room.
Exercise 4. Read the following English texts and their translations into Russian. Look up the words in bold type in a bilingual dictionary and comment on the difference between dictionary words and text words.
1. a) At the time of this story I was living in Canada. It was towardsthe end of the Second World War, and I was nearlysixteen – a rather uncomfortable mixtureof child and woman, Canadian and English. My mother and I had been evacuated five years before to Sascatoon, Saskatchewan – euphemistically known as the HubCity of Prairies – and had only during the last two grown accustomedto the flatsameness of the wheatfields, the vast spacebetween towns broken by the stark, jutting grain elevators, white in the dry clear air.
We had even grown fond of Sascatoon itself; but it was always with relief that we escaped, during the baking hotmonths of the summer holidays, to one of the scattered lakes north of Prince Albert. Pushedlike thumb‑prints into the all‑but‑unexplored Northern forests, the sheltered rimsof these lakes accommodatedoccasional groups of log cabinsin which farmers, woodsmen and summer visitors shared the peace and beauty of the woods with the teeming wild lifethat belonged there.
b) В то время, когда происходит действие этого рассказа, я жила в Канаде. Это было в конце второй мировой войны, мне было около шестнадцати – довольно беспокойное соединение ребенка и женщины, канадки и англичанки. Нас с мамой эвакуировали в Саскатун, Саскачеван, – его эвфемистически именовали «сердцем прерий» – пять лет назад, и только в последние два года мы притерпелись к равнинному однообразию полей пшеницы, громадным просторам, раскинувшимся меж городами, которые прорезали лишь резкие очертания вздымавшихся элеваторов, белых в сухом, прозрачном воздухе.
Мы даже полюбили сам Саскатун; но в знойные месяцы летних каникул неизменно с облегчением покидали его, отправляясь к одному из озер, разбросанных к северу от города Принц‑Альберт. Своим расположением озера эти напоминали отпечатки пальцев, влепленных среди почти неизведанных северных лесов, на их защищенных лесами берегах небольшими группами ютились бревенчатые хижины, обитатели которых: фермеры, лесорубы, дачники – наслаждались красотой и тишиной лесов, а в придачу – всякой живностью, какая там водилась.
2. a) Llanabba Castle presentstwo quite different aspects, according as you approach it from the Bangor or the coast road. From the backit looks very much like any other large country house, with a great many windows and a terrace, and a chainof glass‑houses and the roofs of innumerable nondescript kitchen buildings disappearinginto the trees. But from the front – and that is how it is approached from Llanabba station – it is formidably feudal; one drives past at least a mile of machicolated wall before reaching the gates; these are toweredand turretedand decorated with heraldic animalsand a workable portcullis. Beyond them at the end of the avenue stands the Castle, a modelof mediaeval impregnability.
b) Замок Лланаба выглядит по‑разному в зависимости от того, как к нему подъезжать – со стороны Бангора или от идущей вдоль побережья железной дороги. С тыла это ничем не примечательный загородный особняк – много окон, терраса, бесчисленные теплицы среди деревьев, ветхие кухоньки и сарайчики. Но с фасада – а фасадом Лланаба выходит на шоссе, ведущее со станции – это грозная средневековая крепость. Вы едете добрую милю вдоль крепостной стены с бойницами и наконец оказываетесь у ворот. Ворота увенчаны башенкой, украшены разнообразными гераль‑дическими зверями и снабжены вполне исправной решеткой, которая может подниматься и опускаться. К замку – внушитель‑ному олицетворению феодальной неприступности – ведет широкая аллея.
3. a) There was a time when the only thing students worried aboutwas their mockstatistics paperand world peace. Money, though always a concern, was rarely something to stirthe passions. First, they had higher‑mindedthings to think about. Then cash had a habitof turning up as soon as they left university and walked into lucrativejobs in finance and law.
Now it is different. In Britain and the Netherlands grants barelycover the cost of basic foodand accommodation, and young people are receiving more of their financing through loans which must be repaid once they find the jobs that are becoming ever scarcer on the ground.
b) Было время, когда студентов заботили только их курсовая по статистике и мир во всем мире. Презренный метал редко становился предметом, разжигающим страсти. Во‑первых, у студентов были более возвышенные темы для размышлений. Во‑вторых, у денег было обыкновение появляться, как только студенты оканчивали университет и получали доходные места.
Теперь все иначе. В Великобритании и Нидерландах стипендий едва хватает на оплату жилья и скромного питания, и молодые люди вынуждены финансировать свое образование за счет специальных займов. Их нужно вернуть, как только будет найдена работа, а свободных мест становится все меньше.
Exercise 5. Read the following Russian text and its translation into English. Look up the words in bold type in a bilingual dictionary and comment on the difference between dictionary words and text words.
Говорили, что на набережнойпоявилось новое лицо: дама с собачкой. Дмитрий Дмитрич Гуров, проживший в Ялте уже две недели и привыкший тут, тоже стал интересоваться новыми лицами. Сидя в павильонеу Верне, он видел, как по набережнойпрошла молодая дама, невысокого роста, блондинка, в берете, а за ней бежалбелый шпиц.
И потом он встречал ее в городском садуи на сквере, по нескольку раз в день. Она гуляла одна, все в том же берете, с белым шпицем; никто не знал, кто она, и называли ее просто так: дама с собачкой.
They were saying a new face had been seen on the esplanade: a lady with a pet dog. Dmitry Dmitrich Gurov, who had already spent two weeks in Yalta and regarded himself as an old hand, was beginning to show an interest in new faces. He was sitting in Vernet’s coffeehouse when he saw a young lady, blond and fairly tall, wearing a beret and walking along the esplanade. A white Pomeranian was trotting behind her.
Later he encountered her several times a day in the public gardens or in the square. She walked alone, always wearing the same beret, and always accompanied by the Pomeranian. No one knew who she was, and people called her simply «the lady with a pet dog».
Exercise 6.The following texts have been translated into Russian by a lazy student. There are a number of mistakes in the list of Russian equivalents. Find the mistakes and write the correct word. Consult a bilingual dictionary.
1. Linguists who speculate(1) about the word meaning are fond of remarking(2) that one of the qualities setting human language above systems of communication(3) used among animals is that it is not limited(4) to dealing with the immediately visible in the immediate present. Men can debate(5) the motives(6) of someone, whose identity(7) is not known, in doing something which they have not personally(8) observed(9), to a victim whom they have never met. By contrast, a gibbon’s alarm call ringing through a forest in East Asia will apply to a very imminent danger. And many accept that dogs, for example, can remember events and personalities(10) for years, we do not believe that they can tell other dogs about them. In fact, by contrast(11) with animal species, human(12) beings have even greater freedom in that they can talk and write about things that never have existed and never will, as in fantasies(13), folk stories(14) and some science fiction(15).
1. спекулировать
2. делать ремарку
3. система коммуникации
4. лимитировать
5. дебатировать
6. мотив
7. идентичность
8. персонально
9. обозревать
10. персоналии
11. по контрасту
12. гуманный
13. фантазия
14. народная история
15. фикция
2. The law is one of the most traditional areas(1) of national life and the legal(2) profession has jealously protected(3) its position(4) against outside attack(5). Its main virtue(6) is its independence from the system of government and as such, a safeguard of civil(7) liberties(8). Its main vice lies in its resistance to reform, and the maintenance of its own privileges(9) which may be contrary to public(10) interest.
1. ареал
2. легальный
3. оказывать протекцию
4. позиция
5. атака
6. виртуальный
7. цивильный
8. либеральность
9. привилегия
10. публичный
Exercise 7. Look up the words in bold type in a bilingual dictionary, choose the meaning which fits the context, then translate the whole text into Russian.
1. Captain McGregor looked up from his last entryin the log. The swellhad increased. The waves now began to break against the bowsof the «Ariadne» with a force that caused the windows of the bridgeto rattle at each crashing impact.
The clouds which had begun to masson the horizon during the afternoon had now built up into a great bankthat almost obliterated the western half of the sky. Every sign indicated the onset of a typhoon. McGregor’s anger against the weather and against his mateseemed to be growing at the same rate. His voice was sharpwith irritation when he called down, «Mr. Stubbs, will you would come up here a minute, please?»
2. Living in the country is not really idyllic forthe low wage earner. Usually it means great distances to travel to all the facilities that a town dweller tends to take for granted. When I first moved out of London it took me a long time to get accustomed to the fact that the doctor was about five miles away, having always lived within the walking distance of the surgery. Asan expectant mother I found it quite alarming to discover it was impossible to reach the nearest maternity unit in less than 50 minutes driving flat out;twice as long if one had to wait for an ambulance. For many people the distance is even greater.
3. Almost from their feet stretched ripe corn, dipping to a small dark copsebeyond. A plain of fields and hedgesspread to the distant grey‑blue downs. In a silver streak to the right could be seen the line of the river.
Exercise 8.Read the following texts and comment on its cultu‑ral content. Use the «Longman Dictionary of English Language
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