Work in pairs. Follow the model to reply with a short question and provide an answer to it.
Model 1: It’s raining. – Student 1: Is it? – Student 2: Yes, it is.
Model 2: It’s not here. – Student 1: Isn’t it? – Student 2: No, it isn’t.
He’s just arrived.
I’m studying economics.
There’s an e-mail for you.
I’d like to try.
I passed!
We’ve run out of sugar.
We’re going.
I’ll be back late.
They had a fight.
I don’t know.
They’ve moved to Belgium.
Nobody came to the party.
She wasn’t there.
Look. Harry gave me this.
He’s not in.
You look ill.
Ron’s read your diary.
Glenda won’t like it.
There’s no one at home.
You should go.
You’re late!
She’s pregnant again.
The lights don’t work.
We’d better not tell anyone.
In groups of three, take it in turns to say a statement to the student on your left to reply to with a short question. Do not use the statements given above.
3.31. QUESTIONNAIRES
In groups of three, make up a short questionnaire about a topic from the underlying box. Make sure you all have a copy of the questions, e.g. 1) Do you own a computer? 2) How long do you spend online every day?
| computers, music, the environment, food, leisure |
As each student within each group has to have a number (1, 2, 3), form new groups with the same number – all the 1s together, all the 2s together, all the 3s together. In the new groups, ask and answer your questions and then write a report of you findings in 100 words, e.g. Half the students in the group own a laptop. They spend an average of two hours a day online …
3.32. YES/NO GAME
Work in pairs. Student A, try to get Student B to say “yes” or “no” by quickly asking twenty questions. If he/she says “yes” or “no”, you win. If you run out of questions, he/she wins. Then swap roles, e.g. A – Do you smoke? B – Never! A – Would you like to try one? B – I’d rather not, thanks. A – But I saw you smoking yesterday. B – No, you didn’t! (B loses because he/she said “no”).
3.33. QUESTIONS FOR ANSWERS
Work in two teams. Here are some answers. If you can think of the question, put your hand up. Your team gets one point for each grammatically correct and reasonable question.
No, never.
Next week.
Yesterday.
Since yesterday.
Of course!
Not bad.
€10.
Sorry?
5.30 a.m.
By train.
On Friday.
Not many.
On Fridays.
In the kitchen.
Yes, you are.
A Mercedes.
We had a curry.
OK, fine.
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No, thanks.
Gardening.
Twice a year.
3.34. QUESTIONS FOR QUESTIONS
Work in pairs and write a short conversation using only questions, e.g. A – Are you OK? B – Why are you asking? A – Do you have to be so defensive? B – What makes you think I’m defensive?
3.35. In pairs, write short conversations (5 – 6 remarks for each student) for one of the following situations.
1. In a restaurant, after a nice meal (opinions about the food, the decor, the service, the bill, etc.)
2. Leaving to go on holiday (checking that everything is ready: packing, tickets, etc.)
3. On holiday, having a walk (the weather, the people, the holiday so far, etc.)
4. Talking about a football team who you both support (the players, the manager, recent fixtures, an upcoming match, etc.)
3.36. Render the following into English.
1. Это самый лучший фильм этого года, не так ли?
2. Вы любите сухое вино? – Да, люблю. – А я нет.
3. Где находится ближайшая станция метро?
4. Вы смотрели вчерашний матч? – Да, смотрел.
5. Никто не подготовился к конференции, разве нет?
6. Кто обычно работает за этим компьютером?
7. Она лучше всех играет на скрипке, не так ли?
8. Где вы были вчера вечером? – В театре. – Вы же не любите театр, разве нет?
9. Я прав, не так ли? – Да, на это раз вы правы.
10. Твой брат смотрит игру? – Нет, не смотрит.
11. Ей двадцать, не так ли? – Да.
12. Они никогда не приходят вовремя, не правда ли?
13. Он нигде меня не видел, не так ли?
14. Мы знакомы? – Да, конечно.
15. Мы никогда не разговариваем о работе дома, не правда ли?
16. Вы пьете кофе? – Нет, я больше люблю чай.
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17. Он ничего об этом не знает, не так ли?
18. Вы согласны с нашим решением? – Да, согласен.
19. Кто говорит на английском лучше всех в группе?
20. О ком вы говорите? – О новой студентке. – Вы ее знаете? – Да, знаем.
21. У них есть какие-нибудь интересные идеи? – Да, есть.
22. На встрече было много интересных людей, не так ли?
23. Кто знает, где можно недорого и вкусно поесть?
24. Сколько времени Вам нужно, чтобы разработать новый план?
25. Ты же отказался от нашего предложения, разве нет? – Да, я отказался.
Unit 4. Possession
REFERENCE
Possessive adjectives(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)предшествуют существительному, указывая на принадлежность или взаимосвязь:
My new mobile has a high-speed Internet connection.
For possessive pronouns see Unit 5.
Possessive case of nouns(Притяжательный падеж существительных)
Притяжательный падеж образуется путем трансформации of-phrase в форму с апострофом (apostrophe). Апостроф ставится после элемента, обозначающего обладателя или отличительную характеристику предмета:
the cat of Jane → Jane’s cat
the glasses of my mother-in-law → my mother-in-law’s glasses
the events of yesterday → yesterday’s events
Если слово во множественном числе оканчивается на -s, то добавляется только апостроф. Если же слово оканчивается на любую другую букву, то добавляетсяи апостроф, и -s:
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the students’ voices men’s wear
Если имя собственное оканчивается на буквы -s,-x, -z или сочетание согласных букв, образующее шипящий звук (ch, sh, ss), то добавляется ’ и -s, а слово и буква -s соединяются в произношении при помощи интерфикса [ı]:
James’s […ız] mansion Max’s […ız] idea Bush’s[…ız] statement
Если какой-либо предмет или отличительная характеристика принадлежат нескольким лицам одновременно, то апостроф ставится после наименования последнего в перечислении лица:
We have been discussing Paul and Jenny’s proposals about a new design of our official website.
Если же речь идет о принадлежности предмета или отличительной характеристики нескольким лицам в отдельности, то апостроф ставится после наименования каждого лица:
We have been discussing Paul’s and Jenny’s proposals about a new design of our official website.
В некоторых случаях использование притяжательного падежа факультативно:
a table leg or a table’s leg
last week events or last week’s events
PRACTICE
4.1. Choose the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
1. Jane met a friend of her / hers in the street.
2. Lucy does all herself / her own decorating.
3. Are these scissors your / yours?
4. The desk next to the window is my / mine.
5. Chris and Anna introduced me to a neighbour of their / theirs.
6. Excuse me, is this your / yours seat?
7. David asks if you’ve seen that old coat of his / him.
8. Pete has borrowed my / mine bike.
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9. We haven’t brought our / ours books with us.
10. The dog is black and white, and it’s / its ears are very long.
4.2. Complete these sentences by adding a possessive.
1. I left … car in the garage.
2. Mary hung … coat on the peg.
3. Jack had … hair cut.
4. Neil and David ate … supper.
5. I hope you enjoy … holiday.
6. We’ll invite you round to … house sometime.
4.3. Complete these sentences by adding a possessive with “own”.
1. You must make up … mind.
2. The children had to cook … dinner.
3. Bill borrowed Jenny’s car. … car was being repaired.
4. I’ll bring … sheets and towels.
5. Every dog had … special basket to sleep in.
6. You should do … washing up.
4.4. Complete the sentences by adding an apostrophe or an apostrophe s (’s) to the word or word combination in brackets.
1. They are having a … party on Saturday. (children)
2. This is my … house. (parents)
3. Do you know John? He is … father. (David and Jane)
4. I borrowed … bike. (James)
5. I’ll be staying in my … flat. (friends)
6. That looks like … car. (John and Jean)
7. This is … coat, isn’t it? (Sylvia)
8. We are going away for … holiday. (a week)
9. You need … rest. (a couple of days)
10. We usually have a … holiday in summer. (two week)
4.5. Find the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each sentence.
1. There are two bus stop’s near my house.
2. Our cat sleep’s all day in it’s bed.
3. Have you met the sister of Jane?
4. Creature’s like these live at the sea’s bottom.
5. This book is the mine.
6. Those are two friends’ of my fathers.
7. Everybodys drawing’s were better than our’s.
8. Are these your’s or mine glove’s?
9. The house stand’s on it’s own at the street’s end.
10. I noticed these shoe’s in a window’s shop.
4.6. Put an apostrophe where necessary.
1. Tell Monica its Elenas turn, not hers.
2. Alices younger brothers called Bill.
3. Toms sandwiches were tastier than ours.
4. The films beginning is good but its ending is weak.
5. Are these keys yours or hers?
6. Barbara fills in the patients record cards at the doctors.
7. When its raining, everybodys raincoats get wet.
8. The managers assistant reads all the customers letters.
9. Your sisters dog runs faster than ours.
10. Ones our teachers car and the others a visitors.
4.7. Put apostrophes where necessary. There should be twenty. Decide whether each ’s is a) an abbreviation of is, b) an abbreviation of has, c) an abbreviation of us, or d) a possessive ’s.
Hi, hows it going? Look theres a party at Steves place. Hes invited some musicians round. Toms going, and his flatmate, whats her name, Tracey. Shes a guitarist and shes got a great voice. Its been ages since I went to Steves. Its going to be lots of fun. Hes cooking a curry and hes got some beers in, but lets take a bottle, too. Theres an off licence thats just opened near Toms. Its called Joes Wines. Lets meet there at seven. OK, see you later.
4.8. Look at these sentences and transform them, using a possessive pronoun instead of the possessive adjective, e.g. It’s my book. – The book is mine.
It’s my pen.
It’s her jumper.
That’s my bag.
It’s your car.
This is our garden.
It’s their baby.
This is his house.
That’s their dog.
That is our plan.
See if you can write all nine pairs of sentences from memory.
4.9. Rewrite these sentences using “a … of” instead of “one of”.
Model: Paul is one of my friends. → Paul is a friend of mine.
1. That book is one of Mary’s favourites. → …………………………………….
2. Mr White is one of my father’s colleagues. → ………………………………..
3. Angela is one of her classmates. → ……………………………………………
4. I’m one of their employees. → ………………………………………………...
5. Jack is one of your neighbours. → …………………………………………….
4.10. Rewrite the replies to these questions.
Model:A: Is this Becky’s coat? – B: No, it belongs to Jenny. → No, it’s Jenny’s.
1. A: Whose keys are these? – B: They belong to me. → ………………………..
2. A: Is this your money? – B: No, I think it belong to you. → ………………….
3. A: Is this John’s pen? – B: Yes, I think it belongs to him. → …………………
4. A: Is this Jane’s book? – B: Yes, I’m sure it belongs to her. → ………………
5. A: Is that Neil and David’s car? – B: Yes, it belongs to them. → …………….
4.11. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using no more than three words.
1. Naomi is a friend of my sister’s.
Naomi is .......................................................................................................friend.
2. These shoes belong to Sam.
These .............................................................................................................shoes.
3. I met one of my friends outside the school.
I met a .......................................................................................outside the school.
4. This is my favourite programme on television.
This is ..................................................................................................programme.
5. What are your teachers called?
What ...........................................................................................................names?
6. Those bikes belong to our neighbours.
Those .............................................................................................................bikes.
4.12. In pairs, discuss what you know about each other, e.g. Carmen’s hair is curly. Donald’s job is very rewarding.
Write a list of five guesses about the other students in the class, e.g. Carmen’s favourite activity is cycling. Read out your guesses and see if they are true.
4.13. In the box below you will see some ideas for describing people. In small groups, write pairs of sentences about famous people using the
possessive ’s and contractions of be/have, e.g. Leonardo di Caprio’s eyes are blue – Leonardo di Caprio’s got blue eyes.
blue eyes, red hair, big teeth, long legs, curly hair, turned-up nose, big muscles, nice voice, bushy eyebrows, hollow cheeks, thick eyelashes, charming smile, big ears, thin lips, slim figure
4.14. Give the English for the following sentences.
1. Это мотоцикл моего брата.
2. Это твой ноутбук? – Нет, Кэтрин.
3. Картина Дженни – лучшая на выставке.
4. Мы не знаем, чья это собака. – Это собака нашего соседа.
5. Презентация Майкла и Джереми была крайне запутанной.
6. В прошлом году он основал свой собственный бизнес.
7. Это Ваша машина? – Да, моя. А что? – Она очень похожа на нашу.
8. Компьютер моего брата очень современный. А Ваш? – Мой компьютер – самой последней модели.
9. Рисунки детей очень забавные.
10. Чей этот дом? – Дэвида и Дженни.
11. Ваша квартира очень уютная и красивая. Вы сами её ремонтировали?
12. Это платье – одно из её самых любимых.
13. Ваша очередь говорить, не моя.
14. Это очередная сумасшедшая идея моего дяди.
15. Чьи это часы? – Мои. – Очень красивые и стильные.
16. Это Ваши вещи? – Да, мои.
17. Тони их друг? – Не то что бы друг, скорее знакомый.
18. Сестра Джейн просто красавица. В отличие от самой Джейн.
19. С кем ты провел выходные? – Не лезь не в своё дело.
20. Она моя давняя подруга.
21. Чей это автомобиль перед центральным входом? – Это новый автомобиль Патрика и Марии.
22. Идеи Джереми и Марианны достаточно оригинальны, но никто из них не предлагает нужного нам решения.
Unit 5. Pronouns
REFERENCE
A Types of pronouns
| PERSONAL PRONOUNS | Possessive pronouns | Reflexive pronouns | |
| Subject pronouns | Object pronouns | ||
| S I N G U L A R | |||
| I | me | mine | myself |
| you | you | yours | yourself |
| he | him | his | himself |
| she | her | hers | herself |
| it | it | – | itself |
| P L U R A L | |||
| we | us | ours | ourselves |
| you | you | yours | yourselves |
| they | them | theirs | themselves |
B Use of pronouns
Subject pronouns выступают всегда в качестве подлежащего:
We like spending time together.
Object pronouns выступают в качестве дополнения после глагола или предлога:
They forgot to tell usthe manager’s phone number.
I never spoke to her in person.
Possessive pronounsупотребляются в предложении после предлога или самостоятельно:
She is an old friend of ours.
This is your opinion, mine is a bit different.
Reflexive pronounsиспользуются в следующих случаях:
♦ для передачи направленности действия на себя:
Paul taught himself how to play backgammon.
♦ для передачи значения «в одиночестве, без чьей-либо компании»:
I hate going on holiday by myself. = I hate going on holiday on my own.
♦ для передачи значения «без посторонней помощи»:
We did it entirely by ourselves. = We did it entirely on our own.
♦ в ряде устойчивых словосочетаний (enjoy oneself, behave oneself, help oneself):
I didn’t enjoy myself at the party last weekend.
♦ для акцентирования внимания на объекте или субъекте высказывания:
She herself didn’t know what to do next.
Claire spoke to the Director General himself.
PRACTICE
5.1. Choose the correct word in each sentence.
1. Are their / there any eggs in the fridge?
2. It’s / Its really cold this morning.
3. Peter says they’re / there arriving at about 5.00.
4. I like this bike but its / it’s wheels are too small.
5. Is there / they’re anybody their / there?
6. It’s / Its a pity we missed the opening of the film.
7. Patrick and Bridget have sold their / they’re house.
8. What a lovely dog. What’s it’s / its name?
5.2. Complete the following sentences with “they”, “them” or “their”.
1. Has everybody collected … luggage?
2. Tell everyone I’ll be waiting for … here.
3. If somebody had called, … would have left a message.
4. Nobody offered to help. … probably didn’t have the time.
5. If anybody wants to know, tell … to phone this number.
5.3. In small groups, take turns to say as many sentences as you can using these words, as quickly as possible, e.g. He wants us to listen.
| I you he she we they | want(s) would like need(s) asked told don’t want | me you him her it us them | to | speak go write listen look |
Add another preposition, where possible, and another pronoun, e.g. He wants us to listen to him.
5.4. Add personal pronouns to complete the story.
The other day when I was shopping a woman stopped me and asked … the way to the post office. … gave her directions and … thanked … politely, then ran off quickly in the opposite direction. … put my hand in my pocket and found that my wallet was missing. … must have taken it while … were talking. … shouted and ran after … but … was no good. … had disappeared in the crowd.
5.5. Use the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the following sentences.
1. The chairman announced the news … .
2. Helen will be very upset. I’ll have to tell her the news … .
3. We built most of the house … .
4. The president … appeared on television. She spoke for about ten minutes.
5. The children … did most of the work for the school play.
5.6. Complete each sentence so that it includes a suitable form of one of the verbs from the box, and a reflexive pronoun.
| behave blame cut enjoy express hurt introduce talk |
1. Have a good holiday, both of you! And … … .
2. Our teacher told us to stop shouting and to … … .
3. When I fell off the horse, I didn’t … … .
4. Beth knows a lot of French, but can’t … … easily.
5. Let me … … . I’m Susan Perry.
6. The accident wasn’t your fault. Don’t … … .
7. When I … to … , other people stare at me!
8. While Tom was picking up the broken glass, he … … .
5.7. Choose a personal pronoun or a reflexive pronoun to complete these sentences correctly.
1. He was tired out but he forced … to go on.
2. I could hear someone walking along behind … .
3. She had cut … so badly that she had to be rushed to hospital.
4. She realized that the car in front of … had stopped suddenly.
5. They built … a garage behind the house.
6. He boiled … a couple of eggs for breakfast.
7. Did you do it all by … ?
8. Put it down in front of … .
9. If you’ve got a sleeping bag bring it with … .
10. They had promised … a summer holiday abroad.
11. On Sunday mornings the children were left to take care of … .
12. They introduced … as Helen and Ann.
13. I did it entirely by … .
5.8. Use these pairs of words and a reflexive pronoun in sentences, e.g. matches/burn – He burnt himself while he was playing with matches.
tea/make
present/buy
mirror/admire
sweets/make sick
cake/help
pay rise/give
drink/pour
dinner/cook
gun/shoot
question/ask
card/send
more/help
5.9. Change the phrases “on one’s own” to “by oneself”.
Model: It looked extremely heavy. I knew I couldn’t lift it on my own. – It looked extremely heavy. I knew I couldn’t lift it by myself.
1. She hated being in the house on her own.
2. If the rest of you can’t help we’ll have to do it on our own.
3. You can’t expect them to do everything on their own.
4. Mothers had to go out to work and leave children in the house on their own.
5. If there are three of you, you should be able to manage on your own.
6. I hate living on my own.
7. It’s a horror film so children aren’t allowed to see it on their own.
8. We were in the park on our own.
9. John had to walk home on his own.
10. It’s too difficult for me. I can’t do it all on my own.
5.10. Come up with answers to the following questions.
1. When do you most enjoy yourself?
2. What kind of things can switch themselves off?
3. Are you sure of yourself?
4. Tell the group about a time when you really admired yourself.
5. What do you say when you invite someone into your house?
6. What does DIY mean? Are you any good at DIY?
7. How often do you think about yourself?
8. Name someone who takes himself/herself too seriously.
9. Who in the group looks at himself/herself the most in the mirror?
10. What do you prefer doing by yourself?
5.11. Supply the English for the underlying sentences.
1. Он показал мне свои лучшие работы.
2. Это её первое выступление на публике.
3. Им очень трудно сделать это самостоятельно.
4. Не стоит принимать их слова всерьёз. Они сами не верят в свои планы.
5. Я никогда не видел её раньше, впрочем, как и она меня.
6. Я постоянно спрашиваю себя, зачем я поделился с ними своими сомнениями.
7. Взрослые смотрели фильм, а дети играли во дворе сами.
8. Она купила себе это платье на Рождество.
9. Это самое глупое, что ты мог сделать.
10. Объем работы был слишком велик, и они не могли справиться с ним без посторонней помощи.
11. Они смотрели на нас, словно на заклятых врагов.
12. Вы идете на корпоративную вечеринку? – Да, идем. А ты? – Я нет, у меня слишком много дел. Что ж, желаю хорошо провести время.
13. Ваш торт очень вкусный! Можно ещё кусочек? – Разумеется, угощайтесь.
14. Это просто несчастный случай. Не вините себя.
15. Когда они увидели меня, они сами подошли ко мне.
16. Она спрашивает нас, где находится студенческий городок.
17. Она всерьёз намерена справиться со всем собственными силами? Крайне самонадеянно с её стороны.
18. Посмотри на это. Это ничего тебе не напоминает?
19. Мне кажется, я знаю ключ к успеху.
20. Наш разговор вывел её из себя. Она вышла из комнаты, громко хлопнув за собой дверью.
Unit 6. Making comparisons
REFERENCE
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