KAZAKHSTAN AS A SOVEREIGN STATE
It is situated both in Asia and in Europe. The territory of it's as largest as the territories of Italy, Spain, France, Portugal and Greece taken together. Kazakhstan borders on Kirgizia, Uzbiki-stan, Turkministan in the south, China in the east and Russia in the north. There are a lot of hills, mountains on its territory. The greatest of them are the Alatow, Tian-Shian mountains, besides there are long rivers in my country. The main rivers are the Ural, the Irtysh, the Tobol, the Syrdaria.
The Caspian sea, the largest lake in the world is situated in my country too. Besides this famous lake there are such lakes as the Balhash, the Issyck-Kul. The Aral sea is situated in Kazakhstan too. Some years ago, is was large and beautiful, and nowadays the government of Kazakhstan suffers about the Aral sea's future. Many people, hearing about Kazakhstan, think about steppes and villages, but it's not true. I think, our president is to do something for glory of our country, because some people don't know, where my country is, it's bad.
In the north of Kazakhstan, winters are very cold and summers are very hot, and there are more rains in the north and east of Kazakhstan, but in the south there almost no rains. Kazakhstan has coal, oil, gas, gold and other minerals, which now are richening. Coal industry is developed in Mangyshlack. Chemical industry is highly developed in Tshymkent and Karaganda. Agriculture is also developed in my country. Fruits, vegetables are grown here. Cattle farming and sheep farming are very impor-
tant here too. The population of Kazakhstan more than 16 million people. My country is a multinational state.
More than one hundred nationalities live here. Kazakhstan is an independent state, it got it's independence on 16 of December in 1995 year. It's new constitution was adopted in 1993 on 28th of January. The first president of our state is Nazarbaev. The flag of Kazakhstan consists of 2 color: yellow and blue. There is an eagle in the center and kazakh ornament in the left. The eagle flyes under the sun, which mean the freedom of country.
Ex.1 Make up questions according to the text
ASTANA IS A CAPITAL OF KAZAKHSTAN
The capital of our country is Astana, it became a capital in 1998, after Almaty. Almaty is a city of a million people, a big administrative economic and cultural center of my country. One can observe the entire city from the top of the hill Zailiiskiy Alatay. Almaty is known for highly developed engineering, metal-working, wood-working, light, food and printing industries. Machines made at the Almaty Heavy Machine Building plant are supplied to scores of foreign countries. Almaty today is a city of higher schools and research institutes. Over 100000 young people attend the higher and secondary specialized schools. Rich is the cultural life of the city. The theatre has become an important part of the city's life.
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Every night there go on the lights of the national opera, the Kazakh and Russian dramas, the Korean, the Young audience Theatre, the Concert halls get crowded. The biggest book de-
pository here is the Pushkin library. Almaty is a garden city: the city especially nice in spring when everything is in blossom. The evening cool of the summer and the mountain breeze invite you for a walk about the streets, boulevards and square of the city.
Autumn is beautiful with golden leaves and aroma of Aport apples. Winter in the city, though not lasting, but frosty and snowy is beautiful too. Practically every Almaty teenager goes skating and skiing at this season of the year, the high attitude "Medeu" skating-ring is admirable the whole year round.
This sports complex is known all over the world. It meets i guests with warm and sun, presents them with happy laughter o children. It grows better year by year. And now about Astana: Astana is the capitol of Kazakhstan. First, it called Tselinograd then. Akmola and now Astana, cause Astana means capitol in Kazakh. It is the center of Akmola region. It was founded as Tselinograd in 1960s.
Now Astana is a great administrative industrial and scien tific center. It is the sit of the parliament government and the president of our country. The population of the city is more than 277.000 people. Since Astana has become the capital of the country many new multistoried buildings are constantly appear here. I didn't visit Astana, but I want, cause people say, that after becoming a capitol it became a great city. Other largest cities are: Aktobe, Karaganda, Semipolatinsk. Kazakhstan is country, where I was born and 1 live here for the length of my life. We are proud of our country believe in its future.
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VOCABULARY
Italy-Италия
Spain-Испания
France-Франция
Portugal-Португалия
Greece-Греция
China-Қытай
east-шығыс
nowadays-қазіргі таңда
village-ауыл
hot-ыстық
rain-жаңбыр
south-оңтүстік
sheep-қой
independent state-тэуелсіз мемлекет.
to believe-сену
guests- қонақтар
Questions:
Where is Kazakhstan situated? What is the longest river in Kazakhstan? Who founded the capital of Kazakhstan? When? What is the heart of Kazakhstan?
OUR HOLIDAYS PLANS
If you try to catch a train on 24th of December you may have difficulty in finding a seat. This is the day when many people are travelling home to be with their families on Christmas Day' 25th December. For most British families, this is the most important festival of the year, it combines the Christian celebration of the birth of Christ with the traditional festivities of winter.
On the Sunday before Christmas many service where special hymns are sung. Sometimes carol-singers can be heard on the streets as charity. People are reminded of Charles Dickens' story 'Christmas Carol'. Most families decorate their houses with brightly-coloured paper or holly, and they usually have a Christmas tree in the corner of the front colored lights and the front room, glittering with colored lights and decorations.
There are a lot of traditions connected with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is the giving of presents. Family members wrap up their gifts and leave them at the bottom of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas morning Children leave a long sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24th December, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents, fruit and nuts. They are usually not disappointed! At some time on Christmas Day the family will sit down to a big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding. They will probably pull a cracker with another member of the family. It will make a loud crack and a coloured hat, small toy and joke will fall out!
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Later in the afternoon they may watch the Queen on television aS she delivers her traditional Christmas message to the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. If they have room for even more food they may enjoy a piece of Christmas cake or eat a hot mince pie. 26 December is also a public holiday. Boxing Day, and this is the time to visit friends and relatives or watch football.
VOCABULARY
сһurсһ-шіркеу
presents-сыйлықтар
carol-кэрол (діни мазмұндағы рождествалық эн)
Queen-королева
to decorate-безендіру
to pull a cracker-хлопушканы ату
Christmas tree-рождествалық шырша
Father Christmas-рождествалық ата, аяз ата
Christmas pudding-рождествалық пудинг
singers-эншілер
Questions:
When is Christmas celebrated?
How is Christmas usually celebrated?
What do children leave at the end of their beds on Christmas
Eve and why?
Write a short composition on theme: "My favourite holiday"
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