Тема 11. Classifications of crimes
Упражнение 1.Заполните пропуски в таблице, образуя существительные (названия преступлений и преступников) и глаголы.
Crimes and criminals
| Crime | Criminal | Criminal act |
| to offend | ||
| vandalism | ||
| abettor | ||
| aiding | ||
| spy | ||
| assassination | ||
| to hijack | ||
| to carjack | ||
| larceny | ||
| treason | ||
| gangsterism | ||
| to desert | ||
| to commit bigamy | ||
| speeder | ||
| blasphemy | ||
| to perjure | ||
| to swindle | ||
| bribery/bribe-taking | ||
| to extort | ||
| to embezzle | ||
| tax evasion | ||
| counterfeiter | ||
| to abuse drugs | ||
| to tresspass | ||
| pilferage | ||
| piracy | ||
| money launderer | ||
| copyright infringer | ||
| child abuse | ||
| to joyride | ||
| defamer | ||
| to slander | ||
| to libel | ||
| conversion |
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и переведите преступления и наказания. Определите, какие преступления тяжкие, а какие средней или малой тяжести, и напишите, следуя примеру, какое наказание следует дать за каждое преступление.
E.g. Murder is a major offence. I think that someone who murders somebody should be sentenced to life imprisonment.
Offences
1. murder
2. hijacking an airplane
3. kidnapping
4. littering
5. writing graffiti on a public building
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6. stealing a car
7. pickpocketing
8. stealing sweets
9. making noise late at night
10. being on a bus without a ticket
11. violent behaviour in a football stadium
12. toxic waste pollution
Punishment
1. to be sentenced to life imprisonment
2. to be sent to prison
3. to be fined a large/small amount of money
4. to be given a suspended sentence
5. to do community service
6. to be given a warning
Упражнение 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Classification of crimes
What are crimes?
It is very important to know which acts are criminal.
Offenses Against Society
The most fundamental characteristic of a crime is that it is a punishable offense against society. Consequently, when a crime occurs, society, acting through such employees as the police and prosecutors, attempts to identify, arrest, prosecute, and punish the criminal.
Elements of Crimes
Before anyone can be convicted of a crime, three elements usually must be proved at the trial. They are:
1. a duty to do or not to do a certain thing,
2. a violation of the duty, and
3. criminal intent.
Duty.The duty to do or not to do a certain thing usually is described by statutes which prohibit certain conduct. Generally only conduct that is serious – involving violence or theft of property – is classified as an offense against society and therefore criminal.
Violation of the Duty. The breach of duty must also be proved in a criminal trial. This is the specific conduct by the defendant, which violates the duty. For example, battery is always a crime. Criminal battery is often defined in statutes as «the intentional causing of corporal harm». Corporal harm means bodily harm. A breach of this duty could be established in a trial by the testimony of a witness.
Criminal Intent. The third element, criminal intent, generally means that the defendant intended to commit the act and intended to do evil.
A few crimes do not require criminal intent. These are generally less serious crimes, for which a jail sentence is very unlikely. Traffic offenses fall within this classification. You may not have intended to speed or have intended evil but you have still committed this crime.
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Today, statutes of most states fix the age of criminal liability at 18, but the figure ranges from 16 to 19. Statutes often provide that minors as young as 13 or 16 may be tried and punished as adults if they are accused of serious crimes such as murder. Generally, however, what is a crime for adults is juvenile delinquency for minors.
Ignorance or mistake is generally no excuse for violating a law. A person is presumed to know what the law is. To have criminal intent, one must have sufficient mental capacity at the time one commits a crime to know the difference between right and wrong and to be capable of deciding what to do. Accordingly, insane persons are not held liable for their criminal acts. Normally neither voluntary intoxication nor drug abuse is agood defense against a criminal charge.
HOW ARE CRIMES CLASSIFIED?
Crimes may be classified in various ways. One type of classification is given below:
1. crimes against a person (murder, assault and battery, kidnapping, rape),
2. crimes against property (robbery, hijacking, embezzlement, receiving stolen property),
3. crimes against the government and the administration of justice (treason, tax evasion, bribery, counterfeiting, perjury),
4. crimes against public peace and order (rioting, carrying weapons, drunk and disorderly conduct, illegal speeding),
5. crimes against buildings (burglary, arson, criminal trespass),
6. crimes against consumers (fraudulent sale of wild cat securities), or
7.crimes against decency (bigamy, obscenity, prostitution, sexual harassment).
Crimes are classified in terms of their seriousness as felonies or misdemeanors.
Felonies
A felony is a crime of a serious nature. It exists when the act:
1) is labeled so by law or
2) is punishable by death or confinement for more than one year in prison.
Murder, kidnapping, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, embezzlement, forgery, larceny (also called theft) of large sums, and perjury are examples of felonies. A person who lies when under oath commits perjury.
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Misdemeanors
A misdemeanor is a crime of a less serious nature. It is usually punishable 1) by confinement in a jail for less than one year, 2)by fine, or 3) by both confinement and fine. Crimes such as drunkenness in public, driving an automobile at an illegal speed, shoplifting, and larceny of small sums are usually misdemeanors. A lesser misdemeanor is known as infraction. Parking overtime on metered parking, failing to clear snow from sidewalks, and littering are examples of infractions. Ordinarily, no jury is allowed in cases involving infractions because the punishment is no more than a fine.
Упражнение 4. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What is the most fundamental characteristic of a crime?
2. What is a criminal conduct?
3. What are the three elements of the crime?
4. What is the age of criminal liability?
5. What is a criminal intent?
6. What are crimes against a person?
7. What are crimes against property?
8. What is a felony? Give the examples of felonies.
9. What is a misdemeanor? Give the examples of misdemeanors.
10. What is the punishment for infractions?
Упражнение 5. Соотнесите преступления с их определениями.
| 1. Robbery 2. Theft 3. Burglary or house-breaking 4. Mugging 5. Pickpocketing 6. Shoplifting 7. Assault 8. Rape 9. Child abuse 10. Vandalism 11. Forgery 12. Confidence tricks 13. Arson 14. Murder 15. Homicide 16. Kidnapping | a) the stealing of any property, with the use or threats of force b) taking another’s property with dishonest intent to permanently deprive the other of the property c) entering a building as a trespasser with intent to steal, or entering as a trespasser and then stealing anything in the building d) making a false or fake copy of something e) unlawfully causing damage to property f) theft from shops g) unlawfully carrying-off a person in order to obtain a ransom h) causing criminal damage by fire i) inflicting unlawful physical and psychological harm to a child j) robbery of a person in the street k) unlawfully killing a person with intent to kill or cause grievous bodily harm l) deceiving someone into parting with property (usually money) m) sexual intercourse without consent n) frightening a person into thinking they are going to be hit, or actually hitting another (the later is called a “battery”) o) includes all forms of unlawful killing, including manslaughter which is less serious than murder p) theft from a person’s pocket or bag in the street |
Упражнение 6. Выберите значение подчеркнутого слова, исходя из предложенного контекста.
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1. He carjacked a brand new car from a garage.
a) stole a car (sometimes at gunpoint) when its driver was in it
b) robbed a person in a car
c) burgled a car
2. Teenagers are very often involved in joyriding.
a) funny tricks
b) stealing a car from a pleasure of driving it, often at very high speed
c) driving a car and assaulting people
3. After a robbery, the criminals had tried to make their getaway before the police arrived on the scene.
a) to make an alibi
b) to make their escape
c) to hide
4. A getaway car was found abandoned near the river.
a) stolen car
b) a car which criminals use to escape
c) a broken car
5. The police caught a robber with his 10,000 pound haul.
a) credit card
b) money taken by theft
c) bonds
6. If a robbery is foiled, the robbers do not get what they came for.
a) dangerous
b) is frustrated
c) stopped
7. If the robbers do not get what they came for, they may flee empty-handed.
a) get away quickly
b) get away with small amount of goods
c) get away, but with no goods taken by theft
8. After collecting the cash the kidnapper made off.
a) escaped
b) ran away
c) made an alibi
Упражнение 7.Переведите предложения на английский язык, опираясь на УК РФ.
1) Статья 14 УК РФ. Понятие преступления.
1. Преступлением признается виновно совершенное общественно опасное деяние, запрещенное настоящим Кодексом под угрозой наказания.
2. Не является преступлением действие (бездействие), хотя формально и содержащее признаки какого-либо деяния, предусмотренного настоящим Кодексом, но в силу малозначительности не представляющее общественной опасности.
2) Статья 15 УК РФ. Категории преступлений.
1. В зависимости от характера и степени общественной опасности деяния, предусмотренные настоящим Кодексом, подразделяются на преступления небольшой тяжести, преступления средней тяжести, тяжкие преступления и особо тяжкие преступления.
2. Преступлениями небольшой тяжести признаются умышленные и неосторожные деяния, за совершение которых максимальное наказание, предусмотренное настоящим Кодексом, не превышает двух лет лишения свободы.
3. Преступлениями средней тяжести признаются умышленные деяния, за совершение которых максимальное наказание, предусмотренное настоящим Кодексом, не превышает пяти лет лишения свободы, и неосторожные деяния, за совершение которых максимальное наказание, предусмотренное настоящим Кодексом, превышает два года лишения свободы.
4. Тяжкими преступлениями признаются умышленные деяния, за совершение которых максимальное наказание, предусмотренное настоящим Кодексом, не превышает десяти лет лишения свободы.
5. Особо тяжкими преступлениями признаются умышленные деяния, за совершение которых настоящим Кодексом предусмотрено наказание в виде лишения свободы на срок свыше десяти лет или более строгое наказание.
3) Умысел – это форма вины преступника, при которой он осознаёт общественно опасный характер своих действий и предвидит неизбежность возможных последствий
4) Статья 20 УК РФ. Возраст, с которого наступает уголовная ответственность
1. Уголовной ответственности подлежит лицо, достигшее ко времени совершения преступления шестнадцатилетнего возраста.
2. Лица, достигшие ко времени совершения преступления четырнадцатилетнего возраста, подлежат уголовной ответственности за убийство, умышленное причинение тяжкого вреда здоровью, похищение человека, изнасилование, кражу, грабеж, разбой, вымогательство, захват заложника и др.
Упражнение 8. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова.
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1. A _______ broke into our house while we were away this weekend and stole our video.
2. Drug ________ who sell heroin to teenagers are among the worst kind of criminals.
3. Car _______ in this area is increasing. Fifty cars were stolen last week.
4. Fourteen football ________ were arrested after the match. They were fighting and throwing bottles onto the pitch.
5. He should have taken a taxi home after the party. He got stopped by the police and lost his licence for _________.
6. He was doing 80 kilometres an hour in the centre of town. He was caught ________on a camera.
7. He’s scared to walk home from school on his own because last week some ________in the year above him broke his personal stereo.
8. If you park on a double yellow line, you might get a parking _______.
9. In court, the _______ said he should stay in prison for the rest of his life.
10. She was arrested for ________. She stole a pair of jeans and a sweater from a clothes shop.
11. Some people think that the _________ on TV and in films leads to crime.
12. The health centre wall has some big red ________ on it. They’ll have to repaint the wall.
13. There was a big fight between two ________ of teenagers outside the club. Seventeen people were hurt.
14. Two armed bank _______ got away with ₤ 50,000 yesterday.
15. Two guys _______ a friend of mine recently and ran off with her handbag.
Упражнение 9. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова.
· sentence · criminal · offence · judge · jury
· kidnapping · reward · trial · ransom · arrest
There are many different kinds of crimes. 1)____, taking somebody away and demanding a 2)_____for their return, is a particularly serious 3)_____. The police often offer a 4)_____, which is sometimes quite a substantial sum of money, for information leading to the 5)______ of a 6)_______. It is not always easy for a 7)_____to decide whether the suspect is guilty or not. The 8)______of a suspect often takes days, or even weeks. Having decided on their verdict, the jury do not, however, have to decide how long a 9)_____ to give. That is the job of the 10)_____.
Упражнение 10. Напишите преступление, опираясь на данное определение и первую букву нужного слова.
1. breaking in to steal something b_______
2. driving more quickly than the limit s_______
3. killing unintentionally m_______
4. killing intentionally m_______
5. attacking and robbing violently m_______
6. the act of stealing t________
Упражнение 11. Опишите данные картинки – какие преступления представлены на картинках и какие меры предосторожности предпринять?
Упражнение 12. Решите кроссворд.
ACROSS
3. (n.) The legal dissolution of a marriage.
6. (n.) A person who takes away people by force and demands money for their return.
8. (adj.) Not guilty.
9. (n.) A police officer or a private investigator whose function is to obtain information and evidence of illegal activity.
11. (v.) To take the property of another or others without permission or right.
14. (n.) A thing or things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment; in law, the documentary or oral statements and the material objects admissible as testimony in court.
16. (v.) To seize by the authority of the law; to make someone a prisoner.
17. (n.) A claim by an accused person of having been elsewhere when an offense was committed.
DOWN
1. (n.) A correctional institution meant for punishment and/or rehabilitation of offenders.
2. (n.) A public official who hears and decides cases in a law court.
4. (n.) A person who suffers injury, loss, or death as a result of criminal activities or other circumstances.
5. (adj.) Prohibited by law or by official rules.
7. (n.) A penalty inflicted for an offence.
10. (adj.) Relating to the rights of private individuals and legal proceedings concerning these rights as distinguished from criminal proceedings.
12. (n.) The act of putting someone to death as a lawful penalty.
13 (n.) The illegitimate use of force and violence to create fear in order to gain a political or some other objective when innocent people suffer.
15. (v.) To take or receive (property, a right, a title, etc.) by succession or will
Тема 12. Kinds of cases
Упражнение 1.Прочитайте текст, переведите и выпишите русские эквиваленты к выделенным словам и выражениям.
Civil Cases
Civil cases are usually disputes between or among private citizens, corporations, governments, government agencies, and other organizations. Most often, the party bringing the suit is asking for money damages for some wrong that has been done. For example, a tenant may sue a landlord for failure to fix a leaky roof, or a landlord may sue a tenant for failure to pay rent. People who have been injured may sue a person or a company they feel is responsible for the injury.
The party bringing the suit is called the plaintiff; the party being sued is called the defendant. There may be many plaintiffs or many defendants in the same case.
The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing a paper called a complaint, in which the case against the defendant is stated. The next paper filed is usually the answer, in which the defendant disputes what the plaintiff has said in the complaint. The defendant may also feel that there has been a wrong committed by the plaintiff, in which case a counterclaim will be filed along with the answer. It is up to the plaintiff to prove the case again the defendant. In each civil case the judge tells the jury the extent to which the plaintiff must prove the case. This is called the plaintiff’s burden of proof, a burden that the plaintiff must meet in order to win. In most civil cases the plaintiff’s burden is to prove the case by a preponderance of evidence, that is, that the plaintiff’s version of what happened in the case is more probably true than not true.
Jury verdicts do not need to be unanimous in civil cases. Only 10 jurors need to agree upon a verdict if there are 12 jurors: five must agree if there are six jurors.
Criminal Cases
A criminal case is brought by the state or by a city or county against a person or persons accused of having committed a crime. The state, city, or county is called the plaintiff; the accused person is called the defendant. The charge against the defendant is called an information or a complaint. The defendant has pleaded not guilty and you should presume the defendant’s innocence throughout the entire trial unless the plaintiff proves the defendant guilty. The plaintiff’s burden of proof is greater in criminal case than in a civil case. In each criminal case you hear the judge will tell you all the elements of the crime that the plaintiff must prove; the plaintiff must prove each of these elements beyond reasonable doubt before the defendant can be found guilty.
In criminal cases the verdict must be unanimous, that is, all jurors must agree that the defendant is guilty in order to overcome the presumption of innocence.
Упражнение 2.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям.
1. заявление об обвинении
2. элемент (состава) преступления
3. презумпция невиновности
4. показания
5. истец
6. судебное разбирательство (3)
7. частные лица
8. денежная компенсация ущерба
9. единогласное решение присяжных
10. наличие более веских доказательств
11. возражения ответчика по делу
12. ответчик
13. встречный иск
14. бремя доказывания
15. ответственность за ущерб
16. подать иск /возбудить дело
17. доказывать
18. заявить о своей невиновности
Упражнение 3.Переведите следующие определения.
DEFENDANT– (crim.) person charged with a crime; (civ.) person or entity against whom a civil action is brought.
ACTION– proceeding taken in court synonymous to case, suit, lawsuit.
PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE–means that the weight of evidence presented by one side is more convincing to the trier of facts than the evidence presented by the opposing side.
PLAINTIFF– the party who begins an action, complains or sues.
COUNTERCLAIM– claim presented by a defendant in opposition to the claim of the plaintiff.
COMPLAINT– (crim.) formal written charge that a person has committed a criminal offence; (civ.) initial document filed by a plaintiff which starts the claim against the defendant.
Упражнение 4.Соотнесите английские выражения с их русскими эквивалентами.
| 1) evidence for the plaintiff 2) judgment for the plaintiff 3) plaintiff’s claim 4) to appear for the plaintiff 5) to call the plaintiff 6) witness by the plaintiff | a) вызывать истца в суд b) выступать в суде в качестве адвоката истца c) доказательства в пользу истца d) исковое требование e) свидетель, выставленный истцом f) судебное решение в пользу истца |
Упражнение 5.Слово DEFENDANT имеет следующие значения:
Ответчик
civil defendant – ответчик
Обвиняемый
bailed defendant – обвиняемый или подсудимый, освобождённый (из-под стражи) под залог
Подсудимый
judgement for the defendant – судебное решение в пользу ответчика
Соотнесите английские выражения с их русскими эквивалентами:
| 1) convicted defendant 2) defendant in custody 3) defendant’s record 4) defendant’s story 5) defendant’s witness | a) подсудимый, содержащийся под стражей b) осуждённый c) досье подсудимого d) свидетель, выставленный ответчиком e) версия, выдвинутая обвиняемым |
Упражнение 6.Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова. confessed court custody guilty arrested trial tried executed statements denied
convicted enquiry (* 2) sentenced jury execution innocent charged appeal dropped pardon judges plea apprehended hunt suspect
The story began when a man called Timothy Evans was (1)……..for the murder of his wife and baby. He was (2)…….with the double murder, but a short time later one of the charges was (3)…..and he was (4)……for the murder of his daughter only. During the (5)……Evans accused the man whose house he had been living in, John Christie, of the crimes, but no attention was paid to him. The (6)…….found Evans (7)……. and he was (8)…….to death. An (9)…….was turned down and he was (10)…….. in 1950.
Some time later, more women’s bodies were discovered in Christie’s house: two, three, four, five, six. John Christie was the police’s chief (11)…….and they started a nation-wide (12)…..for him. He was soon (13)…… Alleged (14)…….by Christie while he was in (15)……cast doubt on the Evans hanging. When he went to (16)……., Christie (17)……that he had murdered Mrs Evans, but in private it was said that he (18)……to that crime. His (19)……of insanity with regard to other murders was rejected and he was (20)….. of killing his wife.
Soon afterwards there was an (21)……into the (22)……of Timothy Evans. The (23)……decided that justice had been done and Evans had been rightly hanged. It was only in 1966 that another (24)……was set up. This time it was decided that Evans had probably been (25)……. And he was given a free (26)…… Better late than never, as they say.
Упражнение 7. Прочитайте и переведите текст о поведении в зале суда.
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