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^{^[1110]} Official Notes:

NOTE: The laws respecting pornography vary considerably throughout the Commonwealth. For this reason, the prohibition in the model law is limited to child pornography, which is generally the subject of an absolute prohibition in all member countries. However a country may wish to extend the application of this prohibition to other forms of pornography, as the concept may be defined under domestic law.

NOTE: The pecuniary penalty will apply to a corporation but the amount of the fine may be insufficient. If it is desired to provide a greater penalty for corporations, the last few lines of subsection (1) could read: "commits an offence punishable, on conviction:

(a) in the case of an individual, by a fine not exceeding [amount] or imprisonment for a period not exceeding [period]; or

(b) in the case of a corporation, by a fine not exceeding [a greater amount].

^{^[1111]} Official Note:

NOTE: Countries may wish to reduce or expand upon the available defences set out in paragraph 2, depending on the particular context within the jurisdiction. However, care should be taken to keep the defences to a minimum and to avoid overly broad language that could be used to justify offences in unacceptable factual situations.

^{^[1112]} The Stanford Draft International Convention (CISAC) was developed as a follow up to a conference hosted in Stanford University in the US in 1999. The text of the Convention is published in: The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 249 et seq., available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_249.pdf; For more information see: Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, UCLA Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2002, page 70, available at:

http://www.lawtechjournal.com/articles/2002/03_020625_goodmanbrenner.pdf; Sofaer, Toward an International Convention on Cyber in Seymour/Goodman, The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 225, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_221.pdf; ABA International Guide to Combating Cybercrime, 2002, page 78.

^{^[1113]} See Sofaer/Goodman/Cuellar/Drozdova and others, A Proposal for an International Convention on Cyber Crime and Terrorism, 2000, available at: http://www.iwar.org.uk/law/resources/cybercrime/stanford/cisac-draft.htm.

^{^[1114]} See Sofaer/Goodman/Cuellar/Drozdova and others, A Proposal for an International Convention on Cyber Crime and Terrorism, 2000, available at: http://www.iwar.org.uk/law/resources/cybercrime/stanford/cisac-draft.htm.

^{^[1115]} For an overview of hate speech legislation, see the database provided at: http://www.legislationline.org.

^{^[1116]} Explanatory Report to the First Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 4: "The committee drafting the Convention discussed the possibility of including other content-related offences, such as the distribution of racist propaganda through computer systems. However, the committee was not in a position to reach consensus on the criminalisation of such conduct. While there was significant support in favour of including this as a criminal offence, some delegations expressed strong concern about including such a provision on freedom of expression grounds. Noting the complexity of the issue, it was decided that the committee would refer to the European Committee on Crime Problems (CDPC) the issue of drawing up an additional Protocol to the Convention."

^{^[1117]} Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems, ETS No. 189, available at: http://conventions.coe.int.

^{^[1118]} Regarding the principle of freedom of speech see: Tedford/HerbeckHaiman, Freedom of Speech in the United States, 2005; Barendt, Freedom of Speech, 2007; Baker; Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech; Emord, Freedom, Technology and the First Amendment, 1991; Regarding the importance of the principle with regard to electronic surveillance see: Woo/So, The case for Magic Lantern: September 11 Highlights the need for increasing surveillance, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol 15, No. 2, 2002, page 530 et seqq; Vhesterman, Freedom of Speech in Australian Law; A Delicate Plant, 2000; Volokh, Freedom of Speech, Religious Harassment Law, and Religious Accommodation Law, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Vol. 33, 2001, page 57 et. seq., available at: http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/harass/religion.pdf; Cohen, Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment, CRS Report for Congress 95-815, 2007, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95- 815.pdf.

^{^[1119]} Explanatory Report to the First Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 4.

^{^[1120]} Regarding the list of states that signed the Additional Protocol see above: Chapter 5.1.4.

^{^[1121]} Regarding the difficulties related to the jurisdiction and the principle of freedom of expression see as well: Report on Legal Instruments to Combat Racism on the Internet, Computer Law Review International (2000), 27, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/1-EComputer Law Review International/3-General_themes/3-Legal_Research/2-Combat_racism_on_Internet/Computer Law Review International(2000)27.pdf.

^{^[1122]} Dual criminality exists if the offence is a crime under both the requestor and requesting party's laws. The difficulties the dual criminality principle can cause within international investigations are a current issue in a number of international conventions and treaties. Examples include Art. 2 of the EU Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (2002/584/JHA). Regarding the dual criminality principle in international investigations, see: "United Nations Manual on the Prevention and Control of Computer- Related Crime", 269, available at http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/EighthCongress.html; Schjolberg/Hubbard, "Harmonizing National Legal Approaches on Cybercrime", 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/presentations/session12_schjolberg.pdf.

^{^[1123]} Regarding the challenges of international investigation see above: Chapter 3.2.5 and Gercke, "The Slow Wake of A Global Approach Against Cybercrime", Computer Law Review International 2006, 142. For examples, see Sofaer/Goodman, "Cyber Crime and Security - The Transnational Dimension", in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 16, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_1.pdf;

^{^[1124]} The Stanford Draft International Convention (CISAC) was developed as a follow up to a conference hosted in Stanford University in the US in 1999. The text of the Convention is published in: The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 249 et seq., available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_249.pdf; For more information see: Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, UCLA Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2002, page 70, available at:

http://www.lawtechjournal.com/articles/2DD2/03_020625_goodmanbrenner.pdf; Sofaer, Toward an International Convention on Cyber in Seymour/Goodman, The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 225, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_221.pdf; ABA International Guide to Combating Cybercrime, 2002, page 78.

^{^[1125]} See Sofaer/Goodman/Cuellar/Drozdova and others, A Proposal for an International Convention on Cyber Crime and Terrorism, 2000, available at: http://www.iwar.org.uk/law/resources/cybercrime/stanford/cisac-draft.htm.

^{^[1126]} See Sofaer/Goodman/Cuellar/Drozdova and others, A Proposal for an International Convention on Cyber Crime and Terrorism, 2000, available at: http://www.iwar.org.uk/law/resources/cybercrime/stanford/cisac-draft.htm.

^{^[1127]} Regarding the legislation on blasphemy, as well as other religious offences, see: "Preliminary Report On The National Legislation In Europe Concerning Blasphemy, Religious Insults And Inciting Religious Hatred", 2007, available at: http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2007/CDL- AD(2007)006-e.pdf;

^{^[1128]} See above: Chapter 6.1.h as well as Explanatory Report to the First Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 4.

^{^[1129]} The draft law was not in power, at the time this publication was finalised.

^{^[1130]} Regarding the principle of freedom of speech see: Tedford/HerbeckHaiman, Freedom of Speech in the United States, 2005; Barendt, Freedom of Speech, 2007; Baker; Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech; Emord, Freedom, Technology and the First Amendment, 1991; Regarding the importance of the principle with regard to electronic surveillance see: Woo/So, The case for Magic Lantern: September 11 Highlights the need for increasing surveillance, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol 15, No. 2, 2002, page 530 et seqq; Vhesterman, Freedom of Speech in Australian Law; A Delicate Plant, 2000; Volokh, Freedom of Speech, Religious Harassment Law, and Religious Accommodation Law, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Vol. 33, 2001, page 57 et. seq., available at: http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/harass/religion.pdf; Cohen, Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment, CRS Report for Congress 95-815, 2007, available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/95- 815.pdf.

^{^[1131]} Regarding the difficulties related to the jurisdiction and the principle of freedom of expression see as well: Report on Legal Instruments to Combat Racism on the Internet, Computer Law Review International (2000), 27, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/1-EComputer Law Review International/3-General_themes/3-Legal_Research/2-Combat_racism_on_Internet/ Computer Law Review International(2000)27.pdf.

^{^[1132]} Dual criminality exists if the offence is a crime under both the requestor and requesting party's laws. The difficulties the dual criminality principle can cause within international investigations are a current issue in a number of international conventions and treaties. Examples include Art. 2 of the EU Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (2002/584/JHA). Regarding the dual criminality principle in international investigations, see: "United Nations Manual on the Prevention and Control of Computer- Related Crime", 269, available at http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/EighthCongress.html; Schjolberg/Hubbard, "Harmonizing National Legal Approaches on Cybercrime", 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/presentations/session12_schjolberg.pdf.

^{^[1133]} Regarding the challenges of international investigation see above: Chapter 3.2.f and Gercke, "The Slow Wake of A Global Approach Against Cybercrime", Computer Law Review International 2006, 142. For examples, see Sofaer/Goodman, "Cyber Crime and Security - The Transnational Dimension", in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 16, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_1.pdf;

^{^[1134]} The 2005 eGaming data report estimates the total Internet gambling revenues as USD 3.8 billion in 2001 and USD 8.2 billion in 2004. For more details, see: http://www.cca-i.com/Primary%20Navigation/0nline%20Data%20Store/internet_gambling_data.htm. Regarding the number of licensed Internet websites related to Internet gambling in selected countries, see: "Internet Gambling - An overview of the Issue", GA0-03-89, page 52, available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0389.pdf; Regarding the total numbers of Internet gambling websites see: Morse, "Extraterritorial Internet Gambling: Legal Challenges and Policy Opinion", page 7, available at: http://law.creighton.edu/pdf/4/morsepublication2.pdf

^{^[1135]} For an overview of different national Internet gambling legislation, see: "Internet Gambling - An overview of the Issue", GA0-03-89, page 45 et seqq., available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0389.pdf.

^{^[1136]} Regarding the situation in the People's Republic of China, see for example: "Online Gambling challenges China's gambling ban", available at: http://www.chinanews.cn/news/2004/2005-03-18/2629.shtml.

^{^[1137]} Regarding the addiction see: Shaffer, Internet Gambling & Addiction, 2004, available at: http://www.ncpgambling.org/media/pdf/eapa_flyer.pdf; Griffiths/Wood, Lottery Gambling and Addiction; An Overview of European Research, available at: https://www.european-lotteries.org/data/info_130/Wood.pdf;

Jonsson/AndrenJNilssonJSvenssonJMunckJKindstedt/Ronnberg, Gambling addiction in Sweden - the characteristics of problem gamblers, available at: http://www.fhi.se/shop/material_pdf/gamblingaddictioninsweden.pdf; National Council on Problem Gambling, Problem Gambling Resource & Fact Sheet, http://www.ncpgambling.org/media/pdf/eapa_flyer.pdf.

¹¹⁵⁴See the decision from the German Federal Court of Justice (BGH), published in BGHST 11, page 209.

^{^[1139]} See Thumm, Strafbarkeit des Anbietens von Internetgluecksspielen gemaess § 284 StGB, 2004.

^{^[1140]} Examples of equipment in Internet-related cases could include servers, as well as Internet connections. Internet service providers which did not know that their services were abused by offenders to run illegal gambling operations are thus not responsible, as they may lack intention.

^{^[1141]} For details, see: Hoyer, SK-StGB, Sec. 284, Nr. 18. As mentioned previously the criminalisation is limited to those cases where the offender is intentionally making the equipment available.

^{^[1142]} This is especially relevant with regard to the location of the server.

^{^[1143]} Avoiding the creation of those safe havens is a major intention of harmonisation processes. The issue of safe havens was addressed by a number of international organisations. The UN General Assembly Resolution 55/63 points out that: 'states should ensure that their laws and practice eliminate safe havens for those who criminally misuse information technologies". The full text of the Resolution is available at:

http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/a_res_55/res5563e.pdf. The G8 10 Point Action plan highlights: "There must be no safe havens for those who abuse information technologies".

^{^[1144]} With regard to the principle of sovereignty changing the location of a server can have a great impact on the ability of the law enforcement agencies to carry out an investigation. National Sovereignty is a fundamental principle in International Law. See Roth, 'state Sovereignty, International Legality, and Moral Disagreement", 2005, page 1, available at: http://www.law.uga.edu/intl/roth.pdf.

^{^[1145]} Regarding the challenges related to the international dimension and the independence of place of action and the location of the crime scene see above: Chapter 3.2.6 and Chapter 3.2.7.

^{^[1146]} For details, see: Hoyer, SK-StGB, Sec. 285, Nr. 1.

¹¹⁶² Regarding the vulnerability of Internet gambling to money laundering, see: "Internet Gambling - An overview of the Issue", GAO-03-89, page 5, 24 et seq., available at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0289.pdf.

Regarding other recent approaches in the United States see Doyle, Internet Gambling: A Sketch of Legislative Proposals in the 108^th Congress, CRS Report for Congress No. RS21487, 2002, available at: http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-4047: Doyle, Internet Gambling: Two Approache sin the 109^th Congress, CRS Report for Congress No. RS22418, 2006, available at http://www.ipmall.info/hosted_resources/crs/RS22418-061115.pdf.

^{^[1149]} For an overview of the law, see: Landes, "Layovers And Cargo Ships: The Prohibition Of Internet Gambling And A Proposed System Of Regulation", available at: http://www.law.nyu.edu/J0URNALS/LAWREVIEW/issues/vol82/no2/NYU206.pdf; Rose, "Gambling and the Law: The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 Analyzed", 2006, available at: http://www.gamblingandthelaw.com/columns/2006_act.htm. Shaker, Americas's Bad Bet: How the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement act of 2006 will hurt the house, Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law, Vol. XII, page 1182 et. seq., available at: http://law.fordham.edu/publications/articles/600flspub8956.pdf.

^{^[1150]} Landes, "Layovers And Cargo Ships: The Prohibition Of Internet Gambling And A Proposed System Of Regulation", available at: http://www.law.nyu.edu/JOURNALS/LAWREVIEW/issues/vol82/no3/NYU306.pdf; Rose, "Gambling and the Law: The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 Analyzed", 2006, available at: http://www.gamblingandthelaw.com/columns/2006_act.htm.

^{^[1151]} Rose, "Gambling and the Law: The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 Analyzed", 2006, available at: http://www.gamblingandthelaw.com/columns/2006_act.htm.

^{^[1152]} Based on Sec. 5366 the criminalisation is limited to the acceptance of financial instruments for unlawful Internet gambling

^{^[1153]} General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) - with regard to the United States Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act especially Articles XVI (dealing with Market Access) and XVII (dealing with National Treatment) could be relevant.

^{^[1154]} See "EU opens investigation into US Internet gambling laws ", EU Commission press release, 10.03.2008, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/respectrules/tbr/pr100308_en.htm; Hansen, EU investigates DOJ internet gambling tactics, The Register, 11.03.2008, available at: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/03/11/eu_us_internet_gambling_probe/.

^{^[1155]} See above: Chapter 3.2.l.

^{^[1156]} See above: Chapter 3.2.2.

^{^[1157]} See for example: Freedom of Expression, Free Media and Information, Statement of Mr. McNamara, United States Delegation to the OSCE, October 2003, available at: http://osce.usmission.gov/archive/2003/10/FREEDOM_OF_EXPRESSION.pdf; Lisby, No Place in the Law: Criminal Libel in American Jurisprudence, 2004, available at:

http://www2.gsu.edu/~jougcl/projects/40anniversary/criminallibel.pdf; Regarding the development of the offence see: Walker, Reforming the Crime of Libel, New York Law School Law Review, Vol. 50, 2005/2006, page 169, available at: http://www.nyls.edu/pdfs/NLRVol50-106.pdf; Kirtley, Criminal Defamation: An "Instrument of Destruction, 2003, available at: http://www.silha.umn.edu/oscepapercriminaldefamation.pdf. Defining Defamation, Principles on Freedom of Expression and Protection of Reputation, 2000, available at: http://www.article19.org/pdfs/standards/definingdefamation.pdf. Reynolds, Libel in the Blogosphere: Some Preliminary Thoughts" Washington University Law Review, 2006, page 1157 et. seq., available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=898013; Solove, A Tale of Two Bloggers: Free Speech and Privacy in the Blogosphere, Washington University Law Review, Vol. 84, 2006, page 1195 et seq., available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=901120; Malloy, Anonymous Bloggers And Defamation: Balancing Interests On The Internet, Washington University Law Review, Vol 84, 2006, page 1187 et. seq., available at: http://law.wustl.edu/WULR/84-5/malloy.pdf.

^{^[1158]} See for example the Joint Declaration by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, 10 December 2002. For more information see: http://www.osce.org/documents/rfm/2004/10/14893_en.pdf. See in addition the statement of the representative on Freedom of the Media, Mr. Haraszti at the Fourth Winder Meeting of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly at the 25^th of February 2005:

^{^[1159]} Regarding various regional approaches regarding the criminalisation of defamation see Greene (eds), It's a Crime: How Insult Laws Stifle Press Freedom, 2006, available at: http://www.wpfc.org/site/docs/pdf/It's_A_Crime.pdf; Kirtley, Criminal Defamation: An "Instrument of Destruction, 2003, available at: http://www.silha.umn.edu/oscepapercriminaldefamation.pdf.

^{^[1160]} For more details see the British Crime Survey 2006/2007 published in 2007, available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/hosb1107.pdf.

¹ ™ See Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik 2006, available at: http://www.bka.de/pks/pks2DD6/download/pks-jb_2DD6_bka.pdf.

^{^[1162]} The full version of the Criminal Defamation Amendment Bill 2002 is available at: http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Bills/50PDF/2002/CrimDefAB02_P.pdf; For more information about the Criminal Defamation Amendment Bill 2002 see the Explanatory Notes, available at: http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Bills/50PDF/2002/CrimDefAB02Exp_P.pdf

^{^[1163]} The full text of the Criminal Code of Queensland, Australia is available at: http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/C/CriminCode.pdf.

^{^[1164]} The provider Postini published a report in 2007 that identifies up to 75 per cent spam e-mail, see http://www.postini.com/stats/. The Spam-FilterReview identifies up to 40 per cent spam e-mails, see http://spam-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/spam-statistics.html. The Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group reported in 2005 that up to 85 per cent of all e-mails are spam. See http://www.maawg.org/about/FINAL_4Q2005_Metrics_Report.pdf

^{^[1165]} For a more information on the phenomenon see above: Chapter 2.5.g. For a precise definition, see: ITU Survey on Anti-Spam Legislation Worldwide 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/legislation/Background_Paper_ITU_Bueti_Surv^,ey.pdf.

^{^[1166]} Regarding the development of spam e-mails, see: Sunner, 'security Landscape Update 2007", page 3, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/pgc/20D7/events/presentations/session2-sunner-C5-meeting-14-may-2007.pdf.

^{^[1167]} See "ITU Survey on Anti-Spam Legislation Worldwide, 2005", available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/legislation/Background_Paper_ITU_Bueti_Survey.pdf.

^{^[1168]} Regarding the availability of filter technology, see: Goodman, 'spam: Technologies and Politics, 2003", available at:

http://research.microsoft.com/~joshuago/spamtech.pdf. Regarding user oriented spam prevention techniques see: Rotenberg/Liskow, ITU

WSIS Thematic Meeting On Countering Spam Consumer Perspectives On Spam: Challenges And Challenges, available at:

http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/contributions/Background%20Paper_A%20consumer%20perspective%20on%20spam.pdf.

^{^[1169]} 'spam Issues in Developing Countries", a. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/47/34935342.pdf.

^{^[1170]} See 'spam Issues in Developing Countries", Page 4, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/47/34935342.pdf.

^{^[1171]} ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 20D8, page 37, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.

^{^[1172]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 69: "The sending of unsolicited e-mail, for commercial or other purposes, may cause nuisance to its recipient, in particular when such messages are sent in large quantities or with a high frequency ('spamming"). In the opinion of the drafters, such conduct should only be criminalised where the communication is intentionally and seriously hindered. Nevertheless, Parties may have a different approach to hindrance under their law, e.g. by making particular acts of interference administrative offences or otherwise subject to sanction. The text leaves it to the Parties to determine the extent to which the functioning of the system should be hindered - partially or totally, temporarily or permanently - to reach the threshold of harm that justifies sanction, administrative or criminal, under their law."

^{^[1173]} The Stanford Draft International Convention (CISAC) was developed as a follow up to a conference hosted in Stanford University in the United States in 1999. The text of the Convention is published in: The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 249 et seq., available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_249.pdf; For more information see: Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, UCLA Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2002, page 70, available at:

^{^[1174]} Regarding the United States legislation on spam see: Sorkin, Spam Legislation in the United States, The John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law, Vol. XXII, 2003; Warner, Spam and Beyond: Freedom, Efficiency, and the Regulation of E-Mail Advertising, The John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law, Vol. XXII, 2003; Alongi, Has the U.S. conned Spam, Arizona Law Review, Vol. 46, 2004, page 263 et. seq., available at: http://www.law.arizona.edu/Journals/ALR/ALR2004/vol462/alongi.pdf; Effectiveness and Enforcement of the CAN-SPAM Act: Report to Congress, 2005, available at: http://www.ftc.gov/reports/canspam05/051220canspamrpt.pdf.

^{^[1175]} For more details about the "Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003" - short: CAN-SPAM act 2003 see: http://www.spamlaws.eom/f/pdf/pl108-187.pdf.

^{^[1176]} See: Hamel, Will the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 Finally Put a Lid on Unsolicited E-mail?, New Eng. Law Review, 39, 2005, 196 et

seq. 325, 327 (2001)).

^{^[1177]} For more details see: Bueti, ITU Survey on Anti-Spam legislation worldwide 2005, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/legislation/Background_Paper_ITU_Bueti_Survey.pdf.

^{^[1178]} For more information see: Wong, The Future Of Spam Litigation After Omega World Travel v. Mummagraphics, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2007, page 459 et seq., available at: http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v20/20HarvJLTech459.pdf.

^{^[1179]} "Websense Security Trends Report 2004", page 11, available at: http://www.websense.eom/seeuritylabs/resouree/WebsenseSeeurityLabs20042H_Report.pdf; "Information Security - Computer Controls over Key Treasury Internet Payment System", GAO 2003, page 3, available at: http://www.globalseeurity.org/seeurity/library/report/gao/d03837.pdf. Sieber, Council of Europe Organised Crime Report 2004, page 143.

^{^[1180]} One example of this misuse is the publication of passwords used for access control. Once published, a single password can grant access to restricted information to hundreds of users.

ⁿ₉₉ One example is the EU Framework Decision ABl. EG Nr. L 149, 2.6.2001.

^{^[1182]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 71: "To combat such dangers more effectively, the criminal law should prohibit specific potentially dangerous acts at the source, preceding the commission of offences under Articles 2 - 5. In this respect the provision builds upon recent developments inside the Council of Europe (European Convention on the legal protection of services based on, or consisting of, conditional access - ETS N° 178) and the European Union (Directive 98/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 1998 on the legal protection of services based on, or consisting of, conditional access) and relevant provisions in some countries".

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