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^{^[1037]} Council Framework Decision 2005/222/JHA of 24 February 2005 on attacks against information systems.

^{^[1038]} For further information, see: Gercke, "The EU Framework Decision on Attacks against Information Systems", Computer und Recht 2005, page 468 et seq.

^{^[1039]} "Model Law on Computer and Computer Related Crime", LMM(02)17; The Model Law is available at: http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7BDA109CD2-5204-4FAB-AA77-

86970A639B05%7D_Computer%20Crime.pdf For more information see: Bourne, 2002 Commonwealth Law Ministers Meeting: Policy Brief, page 9, available at: http://www.cpsu.org.uk/downloads/2002CLMM.pdf.; Angers, Combating Cyber-Crime: National Legislation as a pre-requisite to International Cooperation in: Savona, Crime and Technology: New Frontiers for Regulation, Law Enforcement and Research, 2004, page 39 et seq.; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Information Economy Report 2005, UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2005/1, 2005, Chapter 6, page 233, available at: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/sdteecb20051ch6_en.pdf.

^{^[1040]} The Stanford Draft International Convention (CISAC) was developed as a follow up to a conference hosted in Stanford University in the United States in 1999. The text of the Convention is published in: The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 249 et seq., available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_249.pdf; For more information see: Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, UCLA Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2002, page 70, available at:

http://www.lawtechjournal.com/articles/2002/03_020625_goodmanbrenner.pdf; Sofaer, Toward an International Convention on Cyber in Seymour/Goodman, The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 225, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_221.pdf; ABA International Guide to Combating Cybercrime, 2002, page 78.

^{^[1041]} ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 33, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.

^{^[1042]} A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks aims to make a computer system unavailable by saturating it with external communications requests, so it cannot respond to legitimate traffic. For more information, see above: Chapter 2.4.e and US-CERT, "Understanding Denial-of-Service Attacks", available at: http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST04-015.html; Paxson, "An Analysis of Using Reflectors for Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks", available at: http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/reflectors.CCR.01/reflectors.html; Schuba/Krsul/Kuhn/Spafford/Sundaram/Zamboni, "Analysis of a Denial of Service Attack on TCP"; Houle/Weaver, "Trends in Denial of Service Attack Technology", 2001, available at: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/DoS_trends.pdf.

^{^[1043]} For an overview of successful attacks against famous Internet companies, see: Moore/Voelker/Savage, "Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activities", page 1, available at: http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2001/BackScatter/usenixsecurity01.pdf; CNN News, One year after DoS attacks, vulnerabilities remain, at http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/internet/02/08/ddos.anniversary.idg/index.html. Yurcik, "Information Warfare Survivability: Is the Best Defense a Good Offence?", page 4, available at: http://www.projects.ncassr.org/hackback/ethics00.pdf.For more information see: Power, 2000 CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Survey, Computer Security Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2000, page 33 et. seq; Lemos, Web attacks: FBI launches probe, ZDNEt News, 09.02.2000, available at: http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-501926.html; Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, page 20, available at:

http://www.lawtechjournal.com/articles/2002/03_020625_goodmanbrenner.pdf; Paller, "Response, Recovery and Reducing Our Vulnerability to Cyber Attacks: Lessons Learned and Implications for the Department of Homeland Security", Statement to the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Science, and Research & Development Select Committee on Homeland Security, 2003, page 3, available at: http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/congress/2003_h/06-25-03_cyberresponserecovery.pdf.

^{^[1044]} Regarding the possible financial consequences of lack of availability of Internet services due to attack, see: Campbell/Gordon/Loeb/Zhou, "The Economic Cost of Publicly Announced Information Security Breaches: Empirical Evidence From the Stock Market", Journal of Computer Security, Vol. 11, page 431-448.

^{^[1045]} ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda / High-Level Experts Group, Global Strategic Report, 2008, page 34, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/global_strategic_report/index.html.; Related to Cyberterrorism see above Chapter 2.8.a and Lewis, "The Internet and Terrorism", available at: http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050401_internetandterrorism.pdf; Lewis, "Cyber-terrorism and Cybersecurity"; http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/020106_cyberterror_cybersecurity.pdf; Denning, "Activism, hacktivism, and cyberterrorism: the Internet as a tool for influencing foreign policy", in Arquilla/Ronfeldt, Networks & Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy, page 239 et seqq., available at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1382/MR1382.ch8.pdf; Embar-Seddon, "Cyberterrorism, Are We Under Siege?", American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 45 page 1033 et seqq; United States Department of State, "Pattern of Global Terrorism, 2000", in: Prados, America Confronts Terrorism, 2002, 111 et seqq.; Lake, 6 Nightmares, 2000, page 33 et seqq; Gordon, "Cyberterrorism", available at: http://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/cyberterrorism.pdf; United States National Research Council, "Information Technology for Counterterrorism: Immediate Actions and Future Possibilities", 2003, page 11 et seqq. OSCE/ODIHR Comments on legislative treatment of "cyberterror' in domestic law of individual states, 2007, available at: http://www.legislationline.org/upload/

lawreviews/93/60/7b15d8093cbebb505ecc3b4ef976.pdf. Sofaer, The Transnational Dimension of Cybercrime and Terrorism, Page 221 - 249.

^{^[1046]} The protected legal interest is the interest of operators as well as users of computer or communication systems being able to have them function properly. See Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 65.

^{^[1047]} Gercke, Cybercrime Training for Judges, 2009, page 35, available at: http://www.coe.int/t7dghl/cooperation/economiccrime/cybercrime/Documents/Reports- Presentations/2079%20if09%20pres%20coe%20train%20manual%20judges6%20_4%20march%2009_.pdf.

^{^[1048]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 66.

^{^[1049]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 66.

^{^[1050]} Examples are the use of networks (wireless or cable networks), bluetooth or infrared connection..

^{^[1051]} See Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 61. Regarding the fact, that the definition does not distinguish between the different ways how information can be deleted see above: Chapter 6.1.d. Regarding the impact of the different ways to delete data on computer forensics see: Casey, Handbook of Computer Crime Investigation, 2001; Computer Evidence Search & Seizure Manual, New Jersey Department of Law & Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice, 2000, page 18 et. seq., available at: http://www.state.nj.us/lps/dcj/pdfs/cmpmanfi.pdf.

^{^[1052]} See Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 61.

^{^[1053]} Apart from the input of malicious codes (e.g. Viruses and Trojan Horses), it is therefore likely that the provision could cover unauthorised corrections of faulty information as well..

^{^[1054]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 61.

^{^[1055]} The Explanatory Report gives examples for implementation of restrictive criteria for serious hindering: "Each Party shall determine for itself what criteria must be fulfilled in order for the hindering to be considered 'serious." For example, a Party may require a minimum amount of damage to be caused in order for the hindering to be considered serious. The drafters considered as 'serious" the sending of data to a particular system in such a form, size or frequency that it has a significant detrimental effect on the ability of the owner or operator to use the system, or to communicate with other systems (e.g., by means of programs that generate "denial of service" attacks, malicious codes such as viruses that prevent or substantially slow the operation of the system, or programs that send huge quantities of electronic mail to a recipient in order to block the communications functions of the system)" - See Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 67.

^{^[1056]} Gercke, Cybercrime Training for Judges, 2009, page 35, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/economiccrime/cybercrime/Documents/Reports-

Presentations/2079%20if09%20pres%20coe%20train%20manual%20judges6%20_4%20march%2009_.pdf; Although the

connotation of "serious" does limit the applicability, it is likely that even serious delays of operations resulting from attacks against a computer system can be covered by the provision.

^{^[1057]} 'spam" describes the process of sending out unsolicited bulk messages. For a more precise definition, see: ITU Survey on Anti-Spam legislation worldwide 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/spam/legislation/Background_Paper_ITU_Bueti_Survey.pdf. For more information, see above: Chapter 2.5.g.

^{^[1058]} Regarding the development of spam e-mails, see: Sunner, Security Landscape Update 2007, page 3, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/pgc/2007/events/presentations/session2-sunner-C5-meeting-14-may-2007.pdf.

^{^[1059]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 69.

^{^[1060]} Regarding legal approaches in the fight against spam see below: Chapter 6.1.l.

^{^[1061]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 69.

^{^[1062]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 39.

^{^[1063]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 39.

^{^[1064]} The element "without right" is a common component in the substantive criminal law provisions of the Convention on Cybercrime. The Explanatory Report notes that: "A specificity of the offences included is the express requirement that the conduct involved is done "without right". It reflects the insight that the conduct described is not always punishable per se, but may be legal or justified not only in cases where classical legal defences are applicable, like consent, self defence or necessity, but where other principles or interests lead to the exclusion of criminal liability. The expression 'without right' derives its meaning from the context in which it is used. Thus, without restricting how Parties may implement the concept in their domestic law, it may refer to conduct undertaken without authority (whether legislative, executive, administrative, judicial, contractual or consensual) or conduct that is otherwise not covered by established legal defences, excuses, justifications or relevant principles under domestic law. The Convention, therefore, leaves unaffected conduct undertaken pursuant to lawful government authority (for example, where the Party's government acts to maintain public order, protect national security or investigate criminal offences). Furthermore, legitimate and common activities inherent in the design of networks, or legitimate and common operating or commercial practices should not be criminalised". See Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 38.

^{^[1065]} See for example: World Information Technology And Services Alliance (WITSA) Statement On The Council Of Europe Draft Convention On Cyber-Crime, 2000, available at: http://www.witsa.org/papers/COEstmt.pdf; Industry group still concerned about draft Cybercrime Convention, 2000, available at: http://www.out-law.com/page-1217.

^{^[1066]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 68: "The hindering must be "without right". Common activities inherent in the design of networks, or common operational or commercial practices are with right. These include, for example, the testing of the security of a computer system, or its protection, authorised by its owner or operator, or the reconfiguration of a computer's operating system that takes place when the operator of a system installs new software that disables similar, previously installed programs. Therefore, such conduct is not criminalised by this article, even if it causes serious hindering."

^{^[1067]} Framework Decision on attacks against information systems - 19 April 2002 - COM (2002) 173.

^{^[1068]} Article 3 - Illegal system interference: "Each Member State shall take the necessary measures to ensure that the intentional serious hindering or interruption of the functioning of an information system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering, suppressing or rendering inaccessible computer data is punishable as a criminal offence when committed without right, at least for cases which are not minor".

^{^[1069]} "Model Law on Computer and Computer Related Crime", LMM(02)17; The Model Law is available at: http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7BDA109CD2-5204-4FAB-AA77-

86970A639B05%7D_Computer%20Crime.pdf. For more information see: Bourne, 2002 Commonwealth Law Ministers Meeting: Policy Brief, page 9, available at: http://www.cpsu.org.uk/downloads/2002CLMM.pdf.; Angers, Combating Cyber-Crime: National Legislation as a pre-requisite to International Cooperation in: Savona, Crime and Technology: New Frontiers for Regulation, Law Enforcement and Research, 2004, page 39 et seq.; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Information Economy Report 2005, UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2005/1, 2005, Chapter 6, page 233, available at: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/sdteecb20051ch6_en.pdf.

^{^[1070]} The Stanford Draft International Convention (CISAC) was developed as a follow up to a conference hosted in Stanford University in the US in 1999. The text of the Convention is published in: The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terror, page 249 et seq., available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_249.pdf; For more information see: Goodman/Brenner, The Emerging Consensus on Criminal Conduct in Cyberspace, UCLA Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2002, page 70, available at:

^{^[1071]} For an overview on hate speech legislation, see for example: For an overview on hate speech legislation see the data base provided at: http://www.legislationline.org. For an overview on other Cybercrime related legislation see the database provided at: http://www.cybercrimelaw.net.

^{^[1072]} Regarding the challenges of international investigation see above: Chapter 3.2.f and Gercke, "The Slow Wake of A Global Approach Against Cybercrime", Computer Law Review International 2006, 142. For examples, see Sofaer/Goodman, "Cyber Crime and Security - The Transnational Dimension", in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 16, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_1.pdf;

^{^[1073]} For details, see: Wolters/Horn, SK-StGB, Sec. 184, Nr. 2.

^{^[1074]} Hoernle in Muenchener Kommentar STGB, Sec. 184, No. 5.

^{^[1075]} Regarding the influence of pornography on minors see: Mitchell/Finkelhor/Wolak, The exposure of youth to unwanted sexual material on the Internet - A National Survey of Risk, Impact, and Prevention, Youth & Society, Vol. 34, Marco 2003, page 330 et seq., available at: http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/Exposure_risk.pdf; Brown, Mass media influence on sexuality, Journal of Sex Research, February 2002, available at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_1_39/ai_87080439.

^{^[1076]} See Section 11 Subparagraph 3 Penal Code: "Audio and visual recording media, data storage media, illustrations and other images shall be the equivalent of writings in those provisions which refer to this subsection".

^{^[1077]} Hoernle in Muenchener Kommentar STGB, Sec. 184, No. 28.

^{^[1078]} The draft law was not in power by the time this publication was finalised.

^{^[1079]} Dual criminality exists if the offence is a crime under both the requestor and requesting party's laws. The difficulties the dual criminality principle can cause within international investigations are a current issue in a number of international conventions and treaties. Examples include Art. 2 of the EU Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (2002/584/JHA). Regarding the dual criminality principle in international investigations, see: "United Nations Manual on the Prevention and Control of Computer-Related Crime", 269, available at http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/EighthCongress.html; Schjolberg/Hubbard, "Harmonizing National Legal Approaches on

Cybercrime", 2005, page 5, available at: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/presentations/session12_schjolberg.pdf.

^{^[1080]} Regarding the challenges of international investigation see above: Chapter 3.2.f and See Gercke, "The Slow Wake of A Global Approach Against Cybercrime", Computer Law Review International 2006, 142. For examples, see Sofaer/Goodman, "Cyber Crime and Security - The Transnational Dimension", in Sofaer/Goodman, "The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism", 2001, page 16, available at: http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817999825_1.pdf.

^{^[1081]} Krone, "A Typology of Online Child Pornography Offending", Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 279; Cox, Litigating Child Pornography and Obscenity Cases, Journal of Technology Law and Policy, Vol. 4, Issue 2, 1999, available at: http://grove.ufl.edu/~techlaw/vol4/issue2/cox.html#enIIB.

^{^[1082]} Regarding the methods of distribution, see: Wortley/Smallbone, "Child Pornography on the Internet", page 10 et seq., available at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=1729. Regarding the challenges related to anonymous communication see above: Chapter 3.2.m.

^{^[1083]} It was reported that some websites containing child pornography experienced up to a million hits per day. For more information, see: Jenkins, "Beyond Tolerance: Child Pornography on the Internet", 2001, New York University Press. Wortley/Smallbone, "Child Pornography on the Internet", page 12, available at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=1729.

^{^[1084]} Regarding the challenges related to investigations involving anonymous communication technology see above: Chapter 3.2.l.

^{^[1085]} Regarding the possibilities of tracing offenders of computer-related crimes, see: Lipson, "Tracking and Tracing Cyber-Attacks: Technical Challenges and Global Policy Issues".

^{^[1086]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 91.

^{^[1087]} Akdeniz in Edwards / Waelde, "Law and the Internet: Regulating Cyberspace"; Williams in Miller, "Encyclopaedia of Criminology", Page 7. Regarding the extend of criminalisation, see: "Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review", 2006, available at: http://www.icmec.org/en_X1/pdf/ModelLegislationFINAL.pdf. Regarding the discussion about the criminalisation of child pornography and Freedom of Speech in the United States see: Burke, Thinking Outside the Box: Child Pornography, Obscenity and the Constitution, Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 8, 2003, available at: http://www.vjolt.net/vol8/issue3/v8i3_a11- Burke.pdf. Sieber, Kinderpornographie, Jugendschutz und Providerverantwortlichkeit im Internet. This article compares various national laws regarding the criminalisation of child pornography.

^{^[1088]} Regarding differences in legislation, see: Wortley/Smallbone, "Child Pornography on the Internet", page 26, available at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=1729.

^{^[1089]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 91.

^{^[1090]} For an overview of the discussion, see: Gercke, "The Cybercrime Convention", Multimedia und Recht 2004, page 733.

^{^[1091]} Convention on the Rights of the Child, Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989, entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with Article 49.

Article 1. For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.

^{^[1092]} One example is the current German Penal Code. The term "child" is defined by law in Section 176 to which the provision related to child pornography refers: Section 176: "Whoever commits sexual acts on a person under fourteen years of age (a child)...".

^{^[1093]} Council Framework Decision on combating the sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, 2004/68/JHA, available at: http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2004/l_013/l_01320040120en00440048.pdf.

^{^[1094]} Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, CETS No: 201, available at: http:// http://conventions.coe.int.

^{^[1095]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 104.

^{^[1096]} Regarding the criminalisation of the possession of child pornography in Australia, see: Krone, "Does thinking make it so? Defining online child pornography possession offences" in "Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice", No. 299; Sieber, Kinderpornographie, Jugendschutz und Providerverantwortlichkeit im Internet. This article compares various national laws regarding the criminalisation of child pornography.

^{^[1097]} See: "Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review", 2006, page 2, available at: http://www.icmec.org/en_X1/pdf/ModelLegislationFINAL.pdf.

^{^[1098]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 98.

^{^[1099]} Gercke, Cybercrime Training for Judges, 2009, page 45, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/economiccrime/cybercrime/Documents/Reports- Presentations/2079%20if09%20pres%20coe%20train%20manual%20judges6%20_4%20march%2009_.pdf.

^{^[1100]} Based on the National Juvenile Online Victimisation Study, only 3% of the arrested internet-related child pornography possessors had morphed pictures. Wolak/Finkelhor/Mitchell, "Child-Pornography Possessors Arrested in Internet-Related Crimes: Findings From the National Juvenile Online Victimization Study", 2005, page 9, available at: http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC144.pdf.

^{^[1101]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime No. 102.

^{^[1102]} Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 39.

^{^[1103]} The element "without right" is a common component in the substantive criminal law provisions of the Convention on Cybercrime. The Explanatory Report notes that: "A specificity of the offences included is the express requirement that the conduct involved is done "without right". It reflects the insight that the conduct described is not always punishable per se, but may be legal or justified not only in cases where classical legal defences are applicable, like consent, self defence or necessity, but where other principles or interests lead to the exclusion of criminal liability. The expression 'without right' derives its meaning from the context in which it is used. Thus, without restricting how Parties may implement the concept in their domestic law, it may refer to conduct undertaken without authority (whether legislative, executive, administrative, judicial, contractual or consensual) or conduct that is otherwise not covered by established legal defences, excuses, justifications or relevant principles under domestic law. The Convention, therefore, leaves unaffected conduct undertaken pursuant to lawful government authority (for example, where the Party's government acts to maintain public order, protect national security or investigate criminal offences). Furthermore, legitimate and common activities inherent in the design of networks, or legitimate and common operating or commercial practices should not be criminalised". See Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, No. 38.

^{^[1104]} Council of Europe - Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (CETS No. 201).

^{^[1105]} Gercke, Cybercrime Training for Judges, 2009, page 46, available at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/economiccrime/cybercrime/Documents/Reports- Presentations/2079%20iiD9%20pres%20coe%20train%20manual%20judges6%20_4%20march%2009_.pdf.

^{^[1106]} Regarding the challenges related to the use of encryption technology see above: Chapter 3.2.13. One survey on child pornography suggested that only 6 per cent of arrested child pornography possessors used encryption technology See: Wolak/Finkelhor/Mitchell, "Child-Pornography Possessors Arrested in Internet-Related Crimes: Findings From the National Juvenile Online Victimization Study", 2005, page 9, available at: http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC144.pdf.

^{^[1107]} See Explantory Report to the Convention on the Protection of Children, No. 140.

^{^[1108]} The download is in general necessary to enable the display of the information on the website. Depending on the configuration of the browser the information can be downloaded to cache and temp files or are just stored in the RAM memory of the computer. Regarding the forensic aspects of this download see: Nolan/O 'Sullivan/Branson/Waits, First Responders Guide to Computer Forensics, 2005, page 180, available at: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdfFRGCF_v1.3.pdf.

^{^[1109]} "Model Law on Computer and Computer Related Crime", LMM(02)17; The Model Law is available at: http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7BDA109CD2-5204-4FAB-AA77-

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