Differences in articulation of English and Ukrainian sounds

English consonants differ from the Ukrainian consonants in many points. 1. The number of consonant phonemes is not the same in the two languages. There are 24 consonant phonemes in the English language: [p], [b], [m], [w], [f], [v], [t] [d], [n], [tS], [dZ], [s], [z], [T], [D], [S], [Z], [l], [r], [j], [k], [g], [N], [h]. The English voiceless [w] which is usually marked by [W] or [w] (i.e. as it may be pronounced in the words which, whale, while) is not included in this number as it is not pronounced by all speakers and may be replaced by the phoneme [w]. In the Ukrainian language there are 47 consonant phonemes (16 of them are long): [П], [Б], [М], [В], [Ф], [T], [Д], [H], [Ч], [ДЖ], [C], [З], [Ц], [ДЗ], [III], [Ж], [Л], [Р], [Й], [K], [G], [X], [Г]; palatalized consonants: [Т'], [Д'], [H'], [C'], [З'], [Ц'], [Л'], [Р']; long consonants: [M], [T], [Т'], [Д], [H], [H'], [С], [C'], [З'], [Л] [Л'], [P], [Ш'], [Ж'], [Ч'], [Ц']. 2. Both Ukrainian and English consonant phonemes are classified according to the manner of the production of noise, according to the active organ, forming an obstruction and according to the work of the vocal chords. According to the active organ causing the obstruction, there are the following groups of consonants in the Ukrainian language: labial (bilabial and labiodental) and lingual (forelingual, mediolingual, backlingual). In the English language, besides the above mentioned groups, there exists a group of pharyngeal consonants, to which the English [h] belongs. The distribution of English and Ukrainian consonant phonemes among the groups of consonants is also different. The Ukrainian group of forelingual consonants includes palatalized and long phonemes and the phonemes [Ц], [ДЗ]. In its turn the English group of forelingual consonants includes the phonemes [T], [D] which do not exist in the Ukrainian language. The group of English backlingual consonants includes the phonemes [k], [g], [N], while in Ukrainian [N] does not exist, but at the same time there are two additional Ukrainian backlingual constrictive consonants [X], [Г]. There is also a difference between the phonematic systems of English and Ukrainian consonants in the articulation of similar consonants, i.e. consonants united by some common feature of articulation. Thus, in pronouncing Ukrainian forelingual consonants the place of obstruction is generally nearer to the front upper teeth than in the corresponding English consonants. The Ukrainian [T], [Д], [H], [C], [З], for example, are dental according to the passive organ of speech, while the English [t], [d], [n], [s], [z] are alveolar; the Ukrainian [P] is alveolar, the English [r] is postalveolar, etc.

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