The organ of speech

Organs of speech are: nasal cavity (полость носа), lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, ‘larynx(гортань), palate (soft and hard), uvula(язычок), tongue (tip, blade(передняя часть), front, back), epiglottis(надгортанник), pharynx(глотка), vocal cords, and tra’chea(трахея). The air stream released by the lungs goes through the windpipe (дыхательное горло) and comes to the larynx, which contains the vocal cords. The vocal cords are two elastic folds (изгибы) which may be kept apart or brought together (сведены вместе). The opening between them is called the glottis (голосовая щель). If the tense(напряженный) vocal cords are brought together, the air stream forcing an opening makes them vibrate and we hear some voice. On coming out of the larynx the air stream passes through the pharynx. The pharyngeal(глоточный) cavity extends(простирается) from the top of the larynx to the soft palate, which directs the air stream either to the mouth or nasal cavities, which function as the principal resonators. The soft palate is the furthest part of the palate from the teeth. Most of the palate is hard. This hard and fixed part of the palate is divided into two sections: the hard palate (the highest part of the palate) and the teeth ridge or alveolar ridge. The most important organ of speech is the tongue. Phoneticians divide the tongue into four sections, the part which lies opposite the soft palate is called the back of the tongue; the part facing the hard palate is called the front; the one lying under the teeth ridge is known as the blade and its extremity the t i p. The lips can take up various positions as well. They can be brought firmly together or kept apart neutral, rounded, or protruded (высунуты) forward. Active organs of speech are movable and taking an active part in a sound formation: a) Vocal cords which produce voice. B) The tongue which is the most flexible (гибкий) movable organ. C) The lips affective very considerably (значительно) the shape of the mouth cavity. D) The soft palate with the uvula directing the stream of air either to the mouth or to the nasal cavity. e) The back wall of the faring contracted for some sounds. f) The lower jaw (нижняя челюсть) which movement controls the gap (промежуток) between the teeth and also the disposition of the lips. g) The lungs air for sounds. Passive organs of speech: a) the teeth; b) the teeth ridge or alveolar ridge; c) the hard palate; d) the walls of the resonators.

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