Граматичний матеріал: Сполучники
Fill in and but or so
1. Jaewon was cold, ________ he put on a coat.
2. Maria tried to read a novel in French,________ it was too difficult.
3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, ______ you can ride the ferry.
4. I bought a bottle of wine,_______ we drank it together.
5. The waiter was not very nice,_________ the food was delicious.
6. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, ________ the shop didn't have it.
7. Anna needed some money, ________ she took a part-time job.
8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of El Nino,_____ maybe it's just coincidence.
9. Julie has a guitar, ________ she plays it really well.
10. The concert was cancelled, ______ we went to a nightclub instead.
I will be late today ________ my car has broken down.
? though
? because
________ my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at home for my vacations.
? Whereas
? Since
I don't drink coffee ________ it makes me nervous.
? although
? as
Paula got the job ________ she had no experience.
? as
? even though
Jun couldn't buy any Christmas presents ________ he didn't have any money.
? even though
? because
________ it was raining, I didn't get wet.
? Although
? Because
Jerry passed the exam first time ________ I had to retake it three times.
? as
? while
________ Mei Li doesn't speak English, she can't go to university in Canada.
? Since
? Whereas
Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування: Evolution
People have always been curious about the creator of all animals and plants. There have been many divine3, theories about how people came into being. However, research findings have proved that all animals including human beings have evolved from primitive ancestors. In 1859 Charles Darwin put forward his theory of evolution which claimed that all animals changed and developed during a continuous process. This process is brought about by the species11 gradually adapting12 to the demands of its environment, through a gradual genetic change.
To understand this complicated process some theoretical back-ground is necessary.
Inside each of our body's cells, there is a complex substance known as DNA. It looks like a very twisted ladder and its full name is deoxyribonucleic acid.. Sections of DNA are known as genes. They give instructions about when different types of cells should develop, and whereabouts in the body they should be. DNA bears the genetic code which is a tremendously complicated set of instructions to the cells in the body, so that they will know how to develop. As a result of these complex instructions, we develop specialized liver cells, heart cells, hair cells, skin cells, and all other different types of cells which make up a body.
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Larger strands of DNA are known as chromosomes. They are arranged in pairs. However, an ovum, a female cell capable of developing into a baby as well as a male cell which should fertilize it have only half of the chromosomes. In this way, when organisms reproduce themselves sexually, — by combining sperm from one parent with ova from another, — the new individual possesses characteristics of both parents.
The new combination of characteristics may be particularly beneficial.
The child may inherit the very best features of its parents and be healthier, stronger and fitter. Sometimes, there are slight mistakes made in the copying. When the special reproductive cells are made, and these can result in the new individual being different in someway. These mistakes are known as genetic mutations and sometimes are very beneficial. When these beneficial changes occur, evolution happens.
Every organism is in competition with other members of its species. So anything which helps this plant or animal to get an edge over the competition will be useful. The individuals with beneficial characteristics are more likely to survive if some natural change happens. This is known as natural selection which is all about the survival of the fittest — and the fittest is the one which is best adapted to its environment. It should be clear now that it is a mistake to think of evolution as a straight-line development leading up to the human being. This is only one of many different branches of evolution.
Vocabulary
1) curious — допитливий
2) creator — творець
3) divine /di'vain/ — божественний
4) research — дослідницький
5) findings — висновки
6) prove./pru:v/ — доводити, засвідчувати
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7) human being /'hju:man 'bi:in/— людська істота
8) evolvei /i' volv/ — еволюціонувати
9) ancestor — предок
10) process /'prouses/ — процес
11) species — вид (рід)
12) adapt — пристосуватися
13) environment — довкілля
14) genetic — генетичний
15) background — інформація
16) cell /sel/ — клітина (біол.)
17) acid — кислота 18)gene—ген
19) whereabouts — місцезнаходження
20) tremendous — величезний
21) chromosome — хромосома
22) ovum — яйцеклітина
23) female /'fi:meil/ — жіночий
24) male /meil/ — чоловічий
25) fertilize /'f3:telaiz/ — запліднювати
26) beneficial — сприятливий
27) inherit /in'herit/— успадкувати
28) genetic mutation /d3e'netik mju:'teisn/ — генетична мутація
29) occur/з'кз:/ — траплятися, мати місце З 0) survive /se' vaiv/ —виживати
31) selection — відбір
1. Choose the best answer.
1. He is a .. . person, he always asks questions.
a) tremendous b) beneficial c) divine d) curious
2. The three species evolved from a single ... .
a) process b) ancestor c) genetic mutation d) ovum
3. These . . . influence the colour of the eyes.
a) genes b) cells c) ova , d) acids
4. The ... of this tradition are unknown.
a) origins b) selections c) findings d) environments
5. Flowers are often ... by bees as they gather nectar.
a) survived b) inherited c) proved d) fertilized
6. Fresh air is ... . . for your health.
a) fertilizing b) beneficial c) research d) tremendous
7. Can you give me more ... on the companies' financial position.
a) process b) background c) whereabouts d) selection
2. Give the English equivalents to the following words: пристосуватись до довкілля, природний відбір, дослідницький центр, генетична мутація, жіночий, чоловічий, божественний, творець всесвіту, успадкувати найкращі якості, траплятися.
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3. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words:
Information, acid, ovum, to survive, whereabouts, tremendous, chromosome, to fertilize, cell
Discussion questions.
1. Do you believe that God created the Universe?
2. Do you agree with Darwin's theory? Justify your answer.
3. Is the gradual development of the human being the main achievement of evolution? Justify your answer.
Література:
1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.
2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.
3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.
4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.
Практичне заняття 3
Тема: Послуги працівників готелю.
- Read, translate and try to retell the text
Guest Service
Hotels offer a variety of services to their guests. The most traditional are laundry service (clothes washing) and valet service (shoe shining and clothes dry-cleaning and pressing), although some hotels run them on the do-it-yourself basis. A big hotel will also have a restaurant, a bar and a coffee shop, a bookstore or a newsstand, a gift shop selling a variety of souvenirs, and a drugstore providing the guests with medicine and cosmetics. At a luxury hotel one can often find a barber's shop and a beauty salon. The guests might also need the services of a car rental agency, to be able to rent a car through the hotel. Many hotels provide a free morning paper and free drinks ("cocktails") in the afternoon.
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Local phone calls are usually free, long distance calls are added to the room bills, and are 2 to 3 times more expensive than from a pay-phone down in the lobby. You can also order various services from the front desk by dialing "0".
A number of hotel staff relies on tips to raise their wages. The bellman expects up to $1 per bag for taking your baggage to your room. The hotel doorman gets at least 50 cents if he summons a taxi (and of course your taxi driver should be given 15 per cent of fare!). Chambermaids usually receive a few dollars if you stay at a hotel for several days, or else you may leave a dollar note under an ash-tray as you leave the room every morning. In restaurants and nightclubs you are expected to tip 15 to 20 per cent of the bill (before taxes are added). No tipping is required for elevator operators or hotel desk clerks.
Tipping allows you to reward good service. On the other hand, if the service has been bad n у tip need be left. It is a good idea to consider all these expenses when you are anticipating the cost of your stay at a hotel.
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