Основные формы неправильных глаголов

 

Infinitive	Past Simple	Past Participle	Infinitive	Past Simple	Past Participle
1	2	3	4	5	6
be	was, were	been	fall	fell	fallen
beat	beat	beaten	feed	fed	fed
become	became	become	feel	felt	felt
begin	began	begun	fight	fought	fought
bend	bent	bent	find	found	found
bet	bet	bet	fly	flew	flown
bite	bit	bitten	forbid	forbade	forbidden
blow	blew	blown	forget	forgot	forgotten
break	broke	broken	forgive	forgave	forgiven
bring	brought	brought	freeze	froze	frozen
build	built	built	get	got	got
burst	burst	burst	give	gave	given
buy	bought	bought	go	went	gone
catch	caught	caught	grow	grew	grown
choose	chose	chosen	hang	hung	hung
come	came	come	have	had	had
cost	cost	cost	hear	heard	heard
creep	crept	crept	hide	hid	hidden
cut	cut	cut	hit	hit	hit
deal	dealt	dealt	hold	held	held
dig	dug	dug	hurt	hurt	hurt
do	did	done	keep	kept	kept
draw	drew	drawn	know	knew	known
drink	drank	drunk	lay	laid	laid
drive	drove	driven	lead	led	led
eat	ate	eaten	learn	learnt	learnt

  Окончание табл. 2

1	2	3	4	5	6
leave	left	left	sit	sat	sat
lend	lent	lent	sleep	slept	slept
let	let	let	speak	spoke	spoken
lie	lay	lain	spend	spent	spent
lose	lost	lost	spill	spilt	spilt
make	made	made	split	split	split
mean	meant	meant	spread	spread	spread
meet	met	met	spring	sprang	sprung
put	put	put	stand	stood	stood
read	read	read	steal	stole	stolen
ride	rode	ridden	stick	stuck	stuck
ring	rang	rung	sting	stung	stung
rise	rose	risen	strike	struck	struck
run	ran	run	swear	swore	sworn
say	said	said	sweep	swept	swept
see	saw	seen	swim	swam	swum
seek	sought	sought	swing	swung	swung
sell	sold	sold	take	tooк	taken
send	sent	sent	teach	taught	taught
set	set	set	tear	tore	torn
shake	shook	shaken	tell	told	told
shine	shone	shone	think	thought	thought
shoot	shot	shot	throw	threw	thrown
show	showed	shown	understand	understood	understood
shrink	shrank	shrunk	wake	woke	woken
shut	shut	shut	wear	wore	worn
sing	sang	sung	write	wrote	written
sink	sank	sunk	win	won	won

      

  Для образования вопросов и отрицаний в Past Simple мы используем did / didn't + инфинитив (самая простая форма глагола, как в словаре), например:

 

– Ann: "Did you go out last night, Tom?"

– Tom: "Yes, I went to the cinema. But I didn't enjoy the film."

– When did Mr. Edwards die?

– What did you do at the week-end?

– We didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't come.

– Why didn't you phone me on Tuesday?

 

Exercise 11. Поставьте данные глаголы в Past Indefinite. Заполните предложения нужными по смыслу глаголами.

 

Drink, swim, read, write, draw, begin, think, know, speak, stand, sit.

 

1. Yesterday I … a letter to my friend Jane.

2. He … a cup of tea and … to work.

3. Mike … that I was ill.

4. Last year I … English very well.

5. Mike … up from the floor and Pete … down on it.

6. It was very hot in summer. Every day I … in the river.

7. He … this book and … many new things.

8. I … this picture last Sunday. Do you like it?

 

Exercise 12. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present или Past Indefinite. Выполните перевод.

 

1. Did you go to the park yesterday? No. We stayed at home because it   (begin) to rain. 2. Mary never (help) her mother. 3. You always (do) your homework at night. 4. When I (be) a little child my elder brother taught me to swim. 5. Sam (come) home early last time. 6. The days (become) longer and the nights (become) shorter in summer. 7. My mum (give) me some money every week. 8. I know Sam Brown. I (meet) him at a party a month ago. 9. They (move) to our city in 2008. 10. The water (boil) at 100 Degree.

 

Exercise 13. Заполните пропуски глаголами do , did , are , have. Выполните перевод.

1. I _____ not see Andrew yesterday. 2. How long _____ you lived there? 3. Why _____ you learning English? 4. _____ you seen anybody today? 5. What _____ you think of your new teacher? To my mind she is very nice. 6. _____ you angry about what happened? 7. _____ you read a newspaper yesterday? 8. My mother knows Mrs. Dave better than I _____. 9. They _____ a lot of crying last night. 10. You _____ always making mistakes.

 

Exercise 14. Напишите данные глаголы в P ast Simple:

 

become..... begin.... break..... bring..... catch..... come...

drink.......   eat.. fall.... feel.... forget.... get........ give..

hear...... hold.... keep.... know.... learn.... leave.... let...

make.... pay..... put........ read...... say....... shut..... sit...

speak....... stand...... take...... tell…

 

Exercise 15. Напишите недостающие формы глаголов.

 

Infinitive	Past Participle	Infinitive	Past Participle
	begun	drive
Bend			fed
	burnt	fly
Come			forbidden
	crept	forget
Cut			hung
	dealt	hear
Draw			hidden
	drunk	hit

 

Exercise 16. Составьте отрицательные предложения в Past S imple , пользуясь словами в скобках.

 

1. We spoke Spanish together. (Arabic)....................

2. My uncle taught mathematics. (science)..............

3. Bill cooked the potatoes. (the fish).......................

4. I took my mother to the mountains. (my father) …………

5. We told our parents everything. (the police)........

6. I wrote to my sister. (my brother).........................

7. I liked the party. (the music).................................

8. We knew her address. (phone number).................

 

Exercise 17. Напишите предложения в Present или Past Simple.

 

1. My sister (to get) up at eight o'clock. 2. She (to be) a schoolgirl. She (to go) to school in the afternoon. 3. Jane (to be) fond of sports. She (to do) her morning exercises every day. 4. For breakfast she (to have) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea. 5. After breakfast she (to go) to school. 6. It (to take) him two hours to do his homework. 7. She (to speak) French well. 8. My working day (to begin) at seven o'clock. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises. It (to take) me fifteen minutes.

Past Continuous

  Рассмотрите такую ситуацию:

  Yesterday Tom and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11 o'clock.

– What were they doing at 10.30?

– They were playing tennis (at 10.30).

 

  They were playing означает, что они находились где-то посередине игры. Они начали, но не закончили. Это и есть Past Continuous (прошедшее продолженное) время. Иногда его ещё называют Past Progressive (прошедшее прогрессивное), т.е. показывается, что действие продолжается, находится в прогрессе.

  Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в прошедшем времени и добавлением - ing к основе смыслового глагола:

 

I / He / She / It    was playing

We / You / They    were playing

 

  Вот ещё несколько примеров:

 

– This time last year I was living in Brazil.

– What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?

 

  Past Continuous не показывает, нам закончено действие или нет. Возможно, закончилось, возможно, нет, нас это не интересует.  

  Сравните:

– Tom was cooking dinner. (Past Continuous) = Том был в процессе приготовления обеда, и мы не знаем, закончил он или нет.

– Tom cooked dinner. (Past Simple) = Он начал и закончил готовить.

  Мы часто используем Past Continuous и Past Simple вместе, когда нам нужно показать, что какое-то действие происходит во время другого действия:

– Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking dinner.

– I saw Jim in the park. He was sitting on the grass and reading a book.

– It was raining when I got up this morning.

– While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

 

  Однако используем только Past Simple, когда события идут одно за другим:

– Yesterday evening Tom was having a bath when the phone rang. He got out of the bath and answered the phone.

  Сравните:

– When Tom arrived, we were having dinner. (Past Continuous) = Мы уже начали обедать, когда Том пришел.

– When Tom arrived, we had dinner. (Past Simple) = Том пришел, а затем мы начали обедать.

      

  Внимание! Помните, что некоторые глаголы в Continuous вообще не употребляются:

 

1) verbs of feeling: like, dislike, hate, love, prefer, want, wish:

 

I like this music. (not I'm liking ...)

Do you want to go now? (not Are you wanting ...?)

 

2) sense verbs:see, look, smell, taste, feel:

This spaghetti tastes delicious. (not This spaghetti is tasting...)

 

3) other verbs: have (== process), own, belong to, owe, hear, include, cost, contain, weigh, sound, be, seem, need:

 

I weigh 50 kilos. (not I'm weighing ...) I'm a manager. (not I'm being ...)

 

  Exercise 18. Выберите нужную форму глагола в Past Simple или Past Continuous.

   1. While Tom (cooked / was cooking) dinner, the phone (was ringing /      rang). 2. George (fell / was falling) off the ladder while he (painted / was painting) the ceiling. 3. Last night I (read / was reading) in bed when suddenly I (was hearing / heard) a scream. 4. (Did you watch / Were you watching) television when I phoned you? 5. Ann (waited / was waiting) for me when I (was arriving / arrived). 6. I (didn’t drive / wasn’t driving) very fast when the accident (was happening / happened). 7. I (broke / was breaking) a plate last night. I (was doing / did) the washing-up when it (slipped / was slipping) out of my hand. 8. I fell asleep when I (watched / was watching) television. 

 

  Exercise 19. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Past Simple или Past Continuous. Сделайте перевод.

1. They (to wait) for the bus when the accident (to happen).

2. Caroline (to ski) when she (to brake) her leg.

3. When we (to arrive) he (to have) a bath.

4. When the fire (to start) I (to watch) television.

5. While we (to write) the dictation, someone (to brake) the window.

6. I (to have) my breakfast when the light (to go off). 

 

  Exercise 20 . Выберите правильную форму выделенных глаголов. Прочтите и переведите диалог по ролям.

 

Adam: Hello, Mike. What (are you doing / do you do) in this part of

       London?

Mike: Well, actually, (I am looking / I look) at flats round here.

Adam: Flats? (Are you wanting / Do you want) to move?

Mike: Yes, in fact, believe it or not, Mandy and I (are getting / get)

       married.

Adam: That's great! Congratulations. When (were you deciding / did you

      decide)?

Mike: Last week. It was while we (were staying / stayed) with her

       family in Scotland. Now (we try / we’re trying) to find a suitable

       flat.

Adam: It will be great to have you as neighbours. I hope you manage to  

       buy one soon.

Mike: Oh we (aren’t looking / don’t look) for one to buy. We (aren’t

      having / don’t have) enough money yet. (We’re wanting / We want)

      to find somewhere to rent.

Adam: Yes, of course. That's what we (did / were doing) at first. Actually,

       in the end, my brother (was lending / lent) us some money. That's

       how we (were managing / managed) to buy ours.

Mike: Really? Perhaps I'll talk to my family before (we choose / we’re

       choosing) a flat.

Adam: That's not a bad idea. My family (gave / were giving) us quite a lot

       of helpful advice. Now, what about some coffee? There's a good

       place just round the corner.

Mike: Oh, yes, I (looked / was looking) for somewhere to sit down when I

       bumped into you. Let's go.

      

Exercise 21. Выберите правильную форму глаголов в скобках.

 

1. You can turn off the television. I (am not watching / do not watch) it.

2. Last night Jenny fell asleep while she (read / was reading).

3. Listen! Somebody (plays / is playing) the piano.

4. “Have you got my key?” “No, I (was giving / gave) it back to you.”

5. David is very lazy. He (doesn’t like / isn’t liking) hard work.

6. Where (did your parents go / were your parents going) for their

holidays last year?

7. I saw Diane yesterday. She (drove / was driving) her new car.

8. A: (Do you watch / Are you watching) television very often?

B: No, I haven't got a television set.

9. A: What (were you doing / did you do) at 6 o'clock last Sunday

     morning?

B: I was in bed asleep.

10. Andy isn't at home very often. He (goes / is going) away a lot.

11. I (try / am trying) to find a job at the moment. It's very difficult.

12. I'm tired this morning. I (didn’t sleep / wasn’t sleeping) very well last

night.

Future Simple ( will )

  Мы используем wil l (или shall с местоимениями 1-го лица) ('ll), когда решаем что-то сделать прямо в момент разговора:

 

– Oh, I've left the door open. I'll go and shut it.

– "What would you like to drink?" – "I'll have a lemonade, please."

– "Did you phone Ann?" – "No, I forgot. I'll do it now."

– I'm too tired to walk home. I think I'll get a taxi.

 

  Мы не можем использовать настоящее простое в таких предложениях: I ' ll go and shut it . (not I go and shut it)

  Мы также не используем will, когда речь идет о чем-то запланированном: I can't meet you tomorrow because my parents are coming to see me. (not my parents will come)

  Мы часто используем I think I'll......... or I don't think I'll........, когда мы только что надумали что-то сделать:

 

– I think I'll stay at home this evening.

– I don't think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired.

      

  Мы часто используем will в следующих ситуациях:

 

1) когда предлагаем что-либо сделать:

– That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it. (not I help)

– "I need some money." – "Don't worry. I'll lend you some."

 

2) когда соглашаемся или отказываемся что-нибудь делать:

– "You know that book I lent you? Can I have it back?" – "Of course, I'll bring it back this afternoon." (not I bring)

– The car won't start. (=the car "refuses" to start)

 

3) когда обещаем сделать что-нибудь:

– Thank you for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday. (not I pay)

– I won't tell Tom what you said. I promise.

– I promise I'll phone you as soon as I arrive.

– I shan't (I won't) be here tomorrow.

 

  И заметьте, что мы используем shall, а не will в вопросах: shall I....? или shall we.......? для обозначения вежливых просьб и предложений (с he , she , it , you , they мы используем will):

 

– Shall I open the window? (= Do you want me to open the window?)

– I’ve got no money. What shall I do? (= What do you suggest I do?)

– Where shall we go this evening?

      

  Отрицательная форма образуется с помощью not после shall / will = shan ’ t / won ’ t .

      

Внимание! Мы часто говорим о будущем, но не имеем в виду какие-то планы или намерения. В таких случаях используем will (' ll ):

 

– "I’m very worried about my examination next week."

– "Don’t worry, Tom, you'll pass."

When you return home, you'll notice a lot of changes.

This time next year I'll be in Japan. Where will you be?

When will you know your examination results?

 

  Future Simple не употребляется в придаточных предложениях времени и условия. В этих случаях вместо Future Simple употребляется Present Simple:

 

Не will send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrives. –

Он пошлет нам телеграмму, как только прибудет пароход.

If I receive a letter from him, I’ll let you know. –

Если я получу письмо от него, я дам вам знать.

 

Will or Going to

  Helen's bicycle has a flat tire. She tells her father.

Helen: My bicycle has a flat tire. Can you repair it for me?

Father: Okay, but I can't do it now. I'll repair it tomorrow.   

 

  Мы используем will / shall, когда решаем что-то сделать во время разговора. Говорящий не имел никакого решения до начала разговора. До того, как Helen сказала своему отцу, он понятия не имел о какой-то лысой шине.

 

  Later, Helen's mother speaks to her husband.

Mother: Can you repair Helen's bicycle? It has a flat tire.

Father: Yes, I know. She told me. I'm going to repair it tomorrow.     

 

  Going to: Здесь всё в порядке. Папа был уже в курсе, и лишнее напоминание было не обязательно, т.е. он уже имел план, намерение и т.д. сделать это.

 

  Вот ещё несколько примеров:

Tom is cooking when he suddenly finds that there isn't any salt:

Tom: Ann, we haven't got any salt.

Ann: Oh, haven't we? I'll get some from the shop then. (she decides at the time of speaking)

 

  Before going out, Ann talks to Jim:

Ann: I'm going to get some salt from the shop. (she has already decided)  

   Can I get you anything, Jim?

 

  Когда мы говорим о том, что должно произойти в будущем, мы также используем Will и Going to:

 

Do you think Tom will get the job?

Oh dear, it's already 4 o'clock. We're going to be late.

 

  Но мы используем Going to, а не Will, когда что-то в настоящем подсказывает нам, что должно произойти в будущем (особенно в ближайшем). Говорящий уверен, что все будет именно так, как говорит он:

 

Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain. (the clouds are there)

I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)

 

  В таких ситуациях w ill лучше не использовать. А в следующих примерах безопаснее употребить w ill:

 

Ann will probably arrive at about 8 o'clock.

I think Tom will like the present you bought for him.

 

Exercise 22. Составьте предложения с оборотом to be going to.

 

Example: Jill is going to be very pleased with her present. (be)

The trip is too dangerous. I am not going to make it. (not/make)

 

1. My friends ___ their tent with them. (bring)

2. He ___ for a new job soon. (not/look)

3. Your driving is terrible. You ___ your test. (not/pass)

4. ___ Kate ___ that film on television tonight? (watch)

5. We ___ with our relatives (not/stay), we ___ a hotel. (find)

6. ___ they ___ another car? (get)

7. The sky looks very grey. It ___ in a minute. (rain)

8. I ___ David's parents tomorrow night. (meet)

 

Exercise 23. Выберите подходящую форму глагола.

 

1. I feel a bit hungry. I think (I’m going to have / I’ll have) something to eat. 2. It's too late to telephone Tom now. (I’ll phone / I’m going to phone) him in the morning. 3. "It's a bit cold in this room." – "Is it? (I’ll make / I’ll turn) on the heating then." 4. "We haven't got any cigarettes." – "Oh, haven't we? (I’ll bring / I’ll go) and get some." 5. "Did you write that letter to Jack?" – "Oh, I forgot. Thanks for reminding me. (I’m going to post / I’m going to write / I’ll post / I’ll write) it this evening. 6. "Would you like tea or coffee?" – "(I’ll have / I’ll drink) coffee, please."  

 

Exercise 24 . Выберите наиболее подходящую форму глагола.

    

  1. Tom isn't free on Saturday. He (will work / is working). 2. I (am going / will go) to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 3. According to the weather forecast it (will rain / is raining) tomorrow. 4. I'm sure Tom (is going to find / will find) the job. He has a lot of experience. 5. I can't meet you this evening. A friend of mine (will come / is coming) to see me. 6. "Have you decided where to go for your holidays yet?" – "Yes, (I’ll go / I’m going) to Italy. 7. Don't worry about the dog. It (won’t / isn’t going to) hurt you. 8. "When do you think he'll arrive?" – "I expect (he’ll arrive / he is going to arrive) tonight." 9. "How do you think she'll go there?" – "I think (she’ll go / she’s going) by train." 

 

Exercise 25. Поставьте глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple.

 

1. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4. I (not to go) to the cinema every day. 5. I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. 7. You (to watch) TV every day? 8. You (to watch) TV yesterday? 9. You (to watch) TV tomorrow? 10. When you (to leave) home for academy every day? 11. When you (to leave) home for academy yesterday? 12. When you (to leave) home for academy tomorrow?

Exercise 26. Используйте глаголы в нужной временной форме, обращая внимание на типы предложений.

1. Sit down and (to fasten) your seat belts. We (to take off) in a few     minutes. 2. What books you (to like) to read in your childhood? 3. The Sun (to rise) in the East. 4. I (to work) as an engineer next year. 5. Mary fell down the stairs this morning and (to hurt) her leg. 6. We needed some money, so we (to sell) our car. 7. Tigers (not to eat) grass. 8. They (to reach) the top of the mountain tomorrow. 9. When you (to see) your friend last? 10. Max (not to be) at home yesterday evening. He and his friends (to be) at the party. 11. Tomorrow I (not to go) to academy because it (to be) Sunday. 12. My mum (to give) me some money every week. 13. They (not to work) a lot last year. 14. Tom and George (to fly) to Rome next month. 15. They (to sell) their old car two years ago.

Exercise 27. Используйте глаголы в нужной временной форме.

1. Pete (to be) ill yesterday. 2. The river Danube (to flow) into the Black Sea. 3. She (to write) the letter tomorrow. 4. When I was a child I (to like) pop music, but now I (to prefer) jazz. 5. They (to come) very soon. 6. You (to eat) fruit every day? 7. When he (to get up) yesterday? – I don’t remember the exact time, but he (to get up) early. 8. Tomorrow it (to snow) heavily. 9. As a rule I (to go) to the library every Wednesday. 10. I (to watch) this film the day after tomorrow.

 

The Future Continuous Tense

 

  Глаголы в форме будущего продолженного времени выражают действие, которое будет происходить в определённый момент или отрезок времени в будущем. Признаком глагола в форме будущего продолженного времени является сочетание вспомогательного глагола to be в будущем времени ( shall be , will be ) с формой смыслового глагола V - ing.

 

shall       

                                    + be + V-ing

                         will

 

Next month they will be                В следующем месяце они будут

repairing the school.                      ремонтировать школу .

We shall be expecting you at 5.     Мы будем ждать вас в 5 часов.

 

This time on Sunday I'll be            В это время в воскресенье я буду

bathing in the sea.                                  купаться в море .

 

  (+) She will be sleeping.    (-) She will not be sleeping.    

  (?) Will she be sleeping?

  Yes, she will. No, she will not. (No, she won't.)

 

Exercise 28 . Поставьте глаголы в Future Continuous. Выполните перевод.

 

Example: I (have) dinner at 7 o’clock. – I’ll be having dinner at 7 o’clock.

1. This time next week I (to sun-bathe) in Bali.

2. I (to see) Jim at the conference next week.

3. (…) you (to come) to the party tonight?

4. When you are in Australia (…) you (to stay) with friends?

5. This time next week you (to work) in your new job.

6. At 16.30 on Tuesday afternoon I (to sign) the contract.

7. I (to go) into town this afternoon, is there anything you want from the shops?

8. (…) you (to use) the car tomorrow? - No, you can take it.

9. I (to see) Jane this evening - I'll give her the message.

10. (…) you (to bring) your friend to the pub tonight?

      

Exercise 2 9 . Поставьте глаголы в Future Continuous. Сделайте перевод.

 

1. (…) Jim (to come) with us?

2. You (to feel) thirsty after working in the sun.

3. He (to come) to the meeting, I expect.

4. You (to miss) the sunshine now you're back in England.

5. They (to arrive) in time for lunch.

6. We (to stay) in Newcastle for about a couple of weeks.

7. I (to travel) all over the country with Adrian, one of my closest friends.

8. At 2.00 tomorrow she (to work) in the office.

9. My father (to watch) football at 8 o’clock.

10. Peter and Sam (to have) a good time on their holiday in Turkey.

  Exercise 30. Составьте утвердительные и отрицательные предложения.

 

Examples: I / walk in New York. – I won’t be walking in New York.

I / talk with some of my friends. – I’ll be talkingwith some of my friends.

 

1. My parents / fly over the Atlantic.

2. It / snow all day long.

3. People / work in their offices and at home.

4. At four o’clock on Tuesday afternoon you / fly over Paris.

5. I / lie on a beautiful beach.

6. We / watch the tennis tournament tonight.

7. I / play computer games.

8. Chris / play golf at 4 o’clock tomorrow afternoon.

9. My friend and I / have lunch.

10. I / work at home tomorrow. Don’t call me there.

 

  Exercise 31. Задайте вопросы к выделенной части предложений.

Example: I’ll be finishing this report this time tomorrow. –

             When will you be finishing this report?

 

1. The children will be visiting their grandparents at the weekend.

2. I will be lying in bed at this time.

3. My friends will be playing that part in the performance on Friday.

4. We’ll be going on a sightseeing tour next weekend.

5. Alex will be getting a lot of money in his new job.

6. Many scientists will be taking part in the conference.

7. We’ll probably be working late on Tuesday.

8. We’ll be attending the lecture at 13.45 o’clock.

The Future Perfect Tense

  The Future Perfect Tense обозначает действие, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем. Образование:

 

       Will / shall + have + V₃

 

+ She will have finished.             - She will not have finished.

?  Will she have finished? Yes, she will. No, she will not. (No, she won't.)

  Будущее завершенное время часто заменяется простым будущим. Употребляется часто с обстоятельствами by then / by that time – к тому времени, by ... o ' clock – к ... часу, by the end of – к концу:

 

By 2 o'clock we'll have discussed all the problems. –

К двум часам мы уже обсудим все проблемы.

  Exercise 32. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Future Perfect. Запишите предложения в отрицательной и вопросительной формах.

1. Life (to become) more automated by 2100.

2. He (to be) Foreign Minister for five years by next year.

3. In two weeks’ time we (to finish) our exams.

4. I’m sure they (to arrive) home by five o’clock tonight.

5. Next November we (to be) married for fifteen years.

6. Scientists (to learn) to control the weather by 2020.

7. He (to be) here for a year in January.

8. I (to finish) work by six o’clock tonight.

  Exercise 33. Из следующих слов составьте альтернативные вопросы, обращая внимание на время. Дайте ответы.

 

Example: The athletes / run / thirty / forty / kilometers / by the end of the race. – Will the athletes have run thirty or forty kilometers by the end of the race? – Thirty kilometers.

1. You / graduate / from the academy / in another four / three years?

2. The world’s population / grow / to three / four billion by 2100?

3. Bill / save / $900 / more / by the end of the year?

4. Your family / be / here for ten / eleven years / by the end of this month?

5. The workers / complete / the new bridge / by the end of the year / earlier?

6. The death rate / increase / decrease / by the end of this century?

      

      

Exercise 34. Составьте разделительные и специальные вопросы.

Example: They will have completed the project by the end of the month, won’t they? What will they have completed by the end of the month?

 

1. He’ll have finished this report by the end of the day. 2. Robots will have replaced people for many boring jobs. 3. At the end of next year, the Johnsons will have owned this shop for five years. 4. In a weeks’ time, she won’t have typed your documents. 5. Next July 10^th, Mary’s parents will have been married for thirty years.

The Future Indefinite in the Past

 

  В английском языке есть особые формы для выражения действий, которые представляются будущими с точки зрения прошлого. Они называются формами the Future in the Past и образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола would, иногда s hould с соответствующим инфинитивом (без to):

 

will / shall work – the Future Indefinite;

would / should work – the Future Indefinite in the Past;

will / shall be working – the Future Continuous;

would / should be working – the Future Continuous in the Past;

will / shall have worked – the Future Perfect;

would / should have worked – the Future Perfect in the Past.

 

  Все три формы будущего в прошедшем употребляются в тех же значениях, как и обычные формы будущего времени, с той только разницей, что действие в этом случае представляется будущим не с момента речи в настоящем, а с какого-нибудь момента в прошлом. Грамматическое значение английских глаголов в формах будущее в прошедшем в русском языке передают глаголами в будущем времени:

 

We knew that we should                Мы знали , что

manage somehow.                          как-нибудь справимся.

I expected we should be having     Я полагал, что мы, как обычно,

coffee after dinner as usual.                  будем пить кофе после обеда .

I hoped she would have got supper Я надеялся , что она уже приго -

ready by the time we got home.     товит ужин к нашему приходу.

  The Future in the Past Tense употребляется для выражения будущих действий, о которых шла речь в прошедшем времени, и образуется:

 

       should    

                  + V₁

       would

 

(+) He would speak.   (-) He would not speak.   (?) Would he speak?

Yes, he would. No, he would not. (No, he wouldn't.)

 

Exercise 35. Поставьте глаголы в нужную временную форму.

 

1. I (to work) as an engineer next year.

2. They (to reach) the top of the mountain tomorrow.

3. Tomorrow I (not to go) to academy because it (to be) Sunday.

4. Tom and George (to fly) to Rome next month.

5. She (to write) the letter tomorrow.

6. They (to come) very soon.

7. Tomorrow it (to snow) heavily.

 

Exercise 36. Поставьте глаголы в нужную временную форму. Сделайте перевод.

 

1. I (to watch) this film the day after tomorrow.

2. Do you think he (to reach) the house when we arrive?

3. By the end of the next week he (to leave) hospital.

4. Next weekend I (to go) to visit a friend of mine in the country.

5. At 5 o’clock they (to discuss) an important question.

6. He (to leave) in a half of an hour.

7. We (to have) a walk after it stops raining.

 

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

 

  Future Perfect Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Future Perfect (will/shall have been) и причастия I смыслового глагола:

 

(+)  I (we) will/shall have been writing.  

       He (she, it, you, they) will have been writing

(-)   I (we) will/shall not have been writing.

   He (she, it, you, they) will not have been writing

(?) Will/Shall I (we) have been writing?   

       Will he (she, it, you, they) have been writing?

 

Употребление и перевод Future Perfect Continuous

 

  Future Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения будущего действия, которое, начавшись в будущем, будет продолжаться в течение некоторого периода времени до наступления другого, более позднего будущего действия или момента:

 

Before the new machine is stopped До того как новая машина

tomorrow morning, it will have     будет остановлена завтра утром,

been working for three hours.        она будет работать три часа.

 

You will have been studying         Весной будущего года

English for five years by                исполнится пять лет, как вы

the next spring.                               изучаете английский язык .

 

  В повседневной речи Future Perfect Continuous употребляется редко и обычно заменяется Future Perfect или Future Indefinite.

 

  Exercise 37. Поставьте глаголы в Future Perfect Continuous и составьте к предложениям 5 типов вопросов. Дайте ответы.

1. Next January Mr. Walker (to work) for the company for forty years.

2. On June 14^th they (to live) in this house for fifteen years.

3. At ten o’clock I (to drive) for sixteen hours.

4. By 2015, we (to learn) English for about twenty years.

5. By the end of this year he (to shoot) films for thirty years.

6. By this time next week, I (to work) on this book for a year.

7. By the end of the month he (to study) here for three years.

8. We (to live) here for five years in September.

Exercise 38. Выберите сказуемое в нужном времени.

 

1. Who do you think (is winning / will win) the next election? 2. – Where are you going with that ladder? – (I’ll repair / I’m going to repair) the roof. 3. She (will have / is having) lunch with David at 12.30 on Thursday. 4. Perhaps Vanessa (will become / is becoming) a professional pianist. 5. I feel a bit thirsty. I think I (will be having / will have) something to drink. 6. They (are getting married / will get married) on Sunday at the local registry office. 7. Look out! The glass (falls / is going to fall) off the table. 8. (Do you use / Will you be using) your camera at the weekend? Mine is out of order. 9. Next week my mother (is going to be / will be) 45 years old. 10. – Is that your new stereo? – Yes, but it doesn’t work. I (am taking / am going to take) it back to the shop. 11. Your plane (leaves / is leaving) London at 8.30. 12. I wonder where we (will be living / are going to live) in twenty years from now? 13. A trip on a Eurostar train to Paris (will cost / is costing) 80 pounds. I know it from a friend of mine. 14. By the year 2050, computers (will replace / will have replaced) teachers. 15. – They say it’s going to snow today. – Really? I (am going to wear / will wear) my fur coat then. 16. Don’t worry! I (will post / post) your letter on the way to work. 17. Never share a secret with Helen. She (will tell / is going to tell) it everybody. 18. This time next week we (are going to fly / will be flying) over the Atlantic. 19. – What are your plans for today? – (Will we go / Have we to go) to a disco? – Sounds great! 20. By the end of the month my elder brother (will have climbed / will have been climbing) mountains for ten years.

 

Exercise 39. Поставьте глаголы в нужную временную форму.

 

1. They know that he (to succeed) in passing his exam.

2. I (to stay) there for a week.

3. I (to be) ready in a minute.

4. He (to have) the necessary information tomorrow.

5. We (not to see) him till Monday.

6. (to be) here on Sunday?

7. Next year we (to have) English lessons twice a week.

 

Exercise 40. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму.

 

1. The boy (to remember) this day all his life.

2. Perhaps they (to buy) a new house this year.

3. He (to be) fourteen next year.

4. Do you think it (to rain)?

5. Everybody thinks they (not to get) married.

6. Dad (present) Mag a personal computer, ____ he?

7. I (not to do) it before dinner.

 

Exercise 41. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму. Выполните перевод.

 

1. It’s late. I think I (to take) a taxi.

2. I (to answer) the question?

3. We don’t know their address. What (to do) we?

4. Our test (not to take) long.

5. I’m afraid they (not to wait) for us.

6. Diana (to come) to the party tomorrow?

7. You (to arrive) in Paris tomorrow evening.

 

Present Perfect

  Рассмотрите такую ситуацию:

 

  Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. (has lost – это и есть Present Perfect). Вот как это время образуется:

 

I / You / We / They have (= I've)    finished / done

He / She / It              has (= he's)       lost / been

      

  Вспомогательные глаголы have / has + V₃ (3-я форма глагола), т.е. если глагол правильный (finish, work), то просто добавляем к нему окончание -(e)d. Если же он неправильный (lose, do), то нужно смотреть таблицу неправильных глаголов Past Participle.

  Используется Present Perfect, когда действие произошло в прошлом, но нас интересует не само действие, а его результат в настоящем. Всегда должна быть какая-нибудь связь с настоящим, например:

 

– "Where's your key?" – "I don't know. I've lost it." (У меня его нет)

He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (Я не могу сейчас вспомнить)

– "Is Sally here?" – "No, she’s gone out." ( Сейчас она вышла )

I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? ( Ты не знаешь , где она сейчас ?)

 

  Часто Present Perfect используется, когда нужно рассказать о событии, которое произошло совсем недавно и, опять же, когда нас интересует результат, а не время, в котором действие имело место:

 

  Ow! I've cut my finger. (Не важно, где и когда, важно, что сейчас имею результат – порезанный палец)

The road is closed. There's been (= there has been) an accident.

The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.

 

  Present Perfect очень часто используется с такими обстоятельствами, как just, already, yet:

  Just – только что; недавно, короткое время тому назад:

 

"Would you like something to eat?" – "No, thanks. I've just had lunch."

Hello. Have you just arrived?

 

  Already – уже; раньше, чем ожидалось:

 

"Don't forget to post the letter, will you?" – "I've already posted it."

"What time is Mark leaving?" – "He's already gone."

  Yet – ещё, до сих пор (используется только в вопросах и отрицаниях):

 

Has it stopped raining yet? I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.

  

  Также обратите внимание на разницу между gone (to) и been (to):

 

gone – уехал и еще не вернулся          b een – был, ездил и вернулся:

      

Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (он сейчас находится там или по пути туда).

Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy ( была и вернулась ).

 

      

Exercise 42. Составьте вопросы в Present Perfect.

1. John / leave? 2. the dogs / come back? 3. why / Mary / go home? 4. all those people / go home? 5. where / you / put the keys? 6. what / you / say to Mike? 7. we / pay? 8. you / hear the news? 9. Bill / phone? 10. the Sunday newspapers / arrive? 11. what / Barbara tell the police? 12. why / Andy and Sarah / bring the children? 13. the secretary from your father's office / telephone? 14. where / the family in the flat upstairs / go? 15. why / all the students in Mr Carter's class / have good knowledge in History?

Exercise 43. Выберите глаголы в нужной временной форме. Выполните перевод.

1. I (enjoyed / have enjoyed / enjoy) football ever since I was a schoolboy. 2. Nobody has been injured in the accident, (hasn't anybody / have they / has nobody)? 3. My brother (hasn't ever been / has never been / is never) interested in football. 4. I'd like to see Anna again. It's a long time since I (have last seen / last saw / last seen) her. 5. Greg's always thought of a little house of his own, (isn't he / has he / hasn't he)? 6. I've never (gone to / been in / been to) Benidorm. I don't even know where it is.

      

  Exercise 44 . Впишите в пропуски глаголы из скобок в Present Perfect или Past Simple. Сделайте перевод.

1. Mary … to Australia for a while, but she's back again now. (go)   

2. "Where's Ken?" – "He … out. He'll be back in about an hour." (go)

3. I did German at school but I … most of it. (forget)  

4. I meant to phone Diane last night but I …. (forget)  

5. Look! There's an ambulance over there. There … an accident. (be)      

6. The police … three people but later they let them go. (arrest)

      

  Exercise 45. Из слов в скобках составьте правильные предложения. Используйте полные формы отрицаний.

 

Example: (it / not / rain / this week) – It has not rained this week.

 

1. (the weather / be / cold / recently) – The weather _____ recently. 2. (it / cold / last week) – It _____ last week. 3. (I / not / read / a newspaper yesterday) – I _____ a newspaper yesterday. 4. (I / not / read / a newspaper today) – I _____ a newspaper today. 5. (Ann / earn / a lot of money / this year) – Ann _____ this year. 6. (she / not / earn / so much / last year) – She _____ last year. 7. (you/ have / a holiday recently) – You _____ a holiday recently.

Exercise 46 . Выберите правильный вариант. Сделайте перевод.

 

1. Have you (saw / seen) this film before? 2. Our football team (lost / has lost) all its games this year. It (lost / has lost) all its games last year too. 3. (Did you ever drive / Have you ever driven) a bus? 4. My brother speaks good English, but he (has never had / never had) lessons. 5. (Did you see / Have you seen) Paul yesterday?' - 'No, but he (just phoned / has just phoned).' 6. Have you done the shopping (yet / yesterday)? 7. I started this job (for eight weeks / eight weeks ago / ago eight weeks). 8. (I'm / I've been) in this school (for / since) five years. 9. 'What time does the lesson start?' – ('It's already started.' / 'It already started.') 10. (I work / I'm working / I've been working) here since last summer. 11. 'Good news! John (passed / has passed) his exam.' – ('Has he got / Did he get) good marks?' 12. 'Mary (went / has gone) to London.' - 'When (did she leave? / has she left?)' 13. This house (has stood / been standing) here for 500 years.

Present Perfect Continuous

 

  Во многих других иностранных языках существует четкая граница между часто употребляемыми временами и не очень часто встречающимися. В английском же таковой границы не существует, и нужно очень хорошо знать все времена, чтобы суметь грамотно выразить свою мысль. Например, простой вопрос “Как долго вы изучаете английский?” нужно переводить, используя именно это сложное время глагола: How long have you been learning English?

  Теперь рассмотрим всё подробнее на следующем примере:

 

– Is it raining? – No, but the ground is wet. – It has been raining.

      

  Have / has been raining – это Present Perfect Continuous. Вот как он образуется:

 

I / You / We / They have (I've) been doing, waiting

He / She / It       has (He's) been playing

  Present Perfect Continuous используется для обозначения действия, которое имело место в недалёком прошлом, закончилось недавно или только что. Как у всех Perfect,должна быть обязательная связь с настоящим:

 

– You are out of breath. Have you been running?

– Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. ( он устал сейчас )

– Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

– I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that...

 

  Также действие может продолжаться до сих пор. Обращайте внимание на обстоятельства времени:

 

– How long have you been learning English? (действие продолжается до сих пор)

– Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.

– Where have you been? I've been looking for you for half an hour.

– George hasn't been feeling well recently.

 

  Сравните Present Continuous и Present Perfect Continuous:

 

I am doing.                             I have been doing.

 

Don't disturb me now. I'm working. I've been working hard, so

We need an umbrella. It's raining. now I'm going to have a rest.

Hurry up! We are waiting.       The ground is wet. It's been raining.

                                                   We've been waiting for an hour.

Exercise 47. Используйте глаголы в Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous. Выполните перевод.

 

1. She's (lost / been losing) her purse. 2. Someone (has eaten / has been eating) the chocolates! They're nearly all gone! 3. I've (waited / have been waiting) for you for ages! Where have you been? 4. He's (crashed / been crashing) his father's car. He's awfully sorry. 5. How many exercises (have you done / have you been doing) today? 6. "Why are you so hot?" – "I've (played / been playing) squash." 7. I've (never read / never been reading) a better book in my life. 8. How long have you (known / been knowing) Julia and Tim? 9. They've (painted / been painting) the bedroom for a week. They'll finish it soon.

  Exercise 48. Выберите глагол в Present Perfect Progressive.

1. How long have you learnt /been learning the piano?

2. Look! I have bought/ been buying a coat.

3. It has rained / been raining since Tuesday.

4. John has broken / been breaking his leg.

5. He hasn't told / been telling me his address.

6. How long have we driven / been driving now?

7. Have you ever read / been reading this book?

8. Hello! I've waited / been waiting for you for hours!

9. How long have you played / been playing tennis?

10. We've lived / been living in London since January.

11. They've lived / been living in London all their lives.

12. My father has worked / been working here for 47 years.

13. I've worked / been working here for two weeks.

      

  Exercise 49. Закончите предложения, используя глаголы в Present Perfect Progressive . Выполните перевод.

  1. I’m tired. I (to play) tennis all afternoon. 2. The Smiths (to live) in Stratford for nearly three years now. 3. It’s time to do your homework. You (to watch) television since 10 o’clock! 4. A friend of mine (to learn) English for nearly four years, but she still doesn’t speak it very well. 5. It (to rain) all day. 6. Greg speaks French like a native. He (to learn) French since childhood. 7. They are nervous and angry. They (to wait) for a bus for over an hour. 8. We can’t drive a car today because of a snowstorm. It (to snow) since morning. 9. My feet are killing me. I (to do) the shopping all day. 10. Martin has bought a new computer. He (to save up) money for  three years.

 

Exercise 50. Исправьте ошибки, если это необходимо.

1. All his friends have leave him.

2. You had a letter from your parents, haven't you?

3. We've had a lot of work for last month.

4. Look at Mike! He grew a beard!

5. It's already 10 o'clock and they didn't phone yet.

6. I've left my shopping bag on the train.

7. I can't remember when I've had this watch.

8. An elephant live in India and Africa.

  Exercise 51. Закончите предложения, используя Present Perfect Progressive. Сделайте полученные предложения отрицательными и вопросительными.

  1. George looks very tired. I think he (to work) too hard. 2. Kevin and Angela (to talk) to each other for more than a week. 3. There’s no need to apologise. We (to wait) here for ten minutes. 4. Unfortunately, I can play the piano as well as I used to. I (to practise) it for over five years. 5. I know Moscow well. I (to live) here for very long. 6. She (to read) a fascinating novel since 6 a.m. 7. I (to think) it over all night. 8. The Lloyds (to live) here for a long time. 9. Fred (to read) the paper since 5 o’clock. 10. Emma (to play) chess almost all her life.

 

Past Perfect

  Существует и такое время в английском языке. Рассмотрите ситуацию:

  Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didn't see each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home.

 

  Had gone – это и есть Past Perfect. Образуется он при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени had и 3-ей формы глагола, т.е. если глагол правильный, мы добавляем стандартное окончание -(e)d, если же он неправильный – открываем таблицу неправильных глаголов и смотрим 3-й столбик ( P ast P articiple).

 

I / we / you / they

he / she / it               had gone / seen / finished

 

  Употребляется Past Perfect преимущественно для того, чтобы показать, что какое-то действие произошло раньше другого действия. Обязательно должна быть некоторая точка для сравнения, будь то указание времени или другое действие, например:

 

  When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

  Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.

  At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but soon I realised that I'd made a serious mistake.

  The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before.

 

  Если вы хорошо усвоили Present Perfect, то c Past Perfect у вас не должно возникнуть никаких проблем. Разница в том, что в Present Perfect законченое действие показано относительно точки во времени, которое условно можно назвать сейчас (now), а в Past Perfect все действия смещаются в прошлое. Эта точка будет уже другим действием или указанием времени. Сравните примеры:

 

  Present Perfect:

Who is that woman? I've never seen her before.

We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch.

The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned it for weeks.

 

   Past Perfect :

I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before.

We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch.

The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks.

Exercise 52 . Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Past Perfect. Переведите.

1. John (to go out) when I arrived in the office. 2. I (to save) my document before the computer crashed. 3. When they arrived we … already (to start) cooking. 4. He was very tired because he (not to sleep) well. 5. The train … just (to leave) when I arrived at the station. 6. She … just (to leave) the room when the police arrived. 7. I … just (to put) the washing out when it started to rain. 8.  When he arrived at the theatre, the play (already to start). 9. As soon as they (to go), I went straight to bed. 10. I suddenly remembered that I (to forget) my keys. 11. When I came to the post office, it (already to close). 12. When Polly went back to the shop, they (to sell) the book she wanted.

Exercise 53. Закончите предложения, используя Past Perfect или Past Simple .

1. When Daniel (to come) in, we all (to know) where he (to be). 2. Hardly anyone (to come) to the party because Sue (to forget) to send the invitations. 3. Marco (to feel) very nervous when he first drove in Britain because he (not to drive) on the left before. 4. They waited until everyone (to be) ready and then they (to start) the meeting. 5. – (to arrive) you at the cinema in time for the film last night? – No, we (to be) late. By the time we (to get) there, it (already to begin). 6. I (to go) to Helen’s room and (to knock) at the door. There (to be) no answer. Either she (to go) out or she (not to want) to see anyone.

Exercise 54. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в Past Perfect. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам. Выполните перевод.

 

1. When Scott arrived at the South Pole he realized that Amundsen (already to be) there. 2. Leo (to work) as a clerk before he started his own business. 3. Diana (never to be) to a jazz concert before, because she wasn’t keen on jazz music. 4. Bob (to know) his girlfriend for a year, before he asked her to marry him. 5. We (always to enjoy) entertainment programmes. 6. In London we (to stay) with our relatives till we found a suitable hotel. 7. I (never to see) Spielberg’s films before.

Exercise 55. Опровергните следующие предложения. Выполните их перевод.

1. They’d eaten everything by the time I arrived.

2. I wanted to introduce them but they’d known each other.

3. She was angry because she hadn’t caught the bus.

4. The class had started when I arrived.

5. The guests had left before she got home.

6. It was a film that we’d heard of.

Exercise 56. Задайте общие вопросы к следующим предложениям и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1. Before we had finished our meal, he ordered us back to work.

2. The sun hadn’t risen before they decided to set off.

3. Before we went home, we had finished our work.

4. Ted’s father had advised him not to get married till he was 35.

5. She hadn’t done all the shopping when she suddenly felt sick.

6. He had spoken to the boss before he decided to leave.

7. Before we had supper, the children had gone to bed.

8. After our car had broken down a third time, we decided to sell it.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 

Past Perfect Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Past Perfect ( had been ) и причастия I смыслового глагола:

 

 (+) I (we, you, they, he, she, it) had been writing.

          (-) I (we, you, they, he, she, it) had not been writing.

          (?) Had I (we, you, they, he, she, it) been writing?

 

Past Perfect Continuousупотребляется:

 

1. Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое продолжалось в прошлом некоторый период времени, выраженный или подразумеваемый, и закончилось (или могло еще продолжаться) при наступлении второго, более позднего прошедшего действия. Это второе, более позднее прошедшее действие выражается в Past Indefinite . Past Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени, обычно несовершенного вида:

 

I had been writing my exercises for two hours when my friend came. – Я писал упражнения (прошедшее действие) два ча ca (указание периода времени), когда пришел мой друг (второе, более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие закончилось или могло еще продолжаться).

 

The new turbine had been working for several hours before we gave it a full load. – Новая турбина работала (прошедшее действие) несколько часов (указание периода времени) до того, как мы дали ей полную нагрузку (второе, более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие не закончилось).

 

The new pump had already been working for two hours when we stopped it for examination. – Новый насос работал (прошедшее действие) два часа (указание продолжительности действия), когда мы его остановили для осмотра (второе, более позднее прошедшее действие, при наступлении которого первое действие прекратилось).

 

2. Past Perfect Continuous употребляется также для выражения действия, которое продолжалось некоторый период времени в прошлом и закончилось (или еще продолжается) к данному моменту в прошлом. При указании данного момента в прошлом употребляется предлог by:

 

By three o'clock the new pump had been working for two hours. – К трем часам (указание данного момента в прошлом) насос уже работал (прошедшее действие) два часа (указание продолжительности действия).

 

Как видно из примеров, при употреблении Past Perfect Continuous, как правило, указывается (или подразумевается), сколько времени прошедшее действие продолжалось до наступления другого прошедшего действия или момента в прошлом. Поэтому Past Perfect Continuous обычно употребляется с такими обозначениями времени, как for ... hours ( days , weeks , months , years и т. д.) – в течение ... часов (дней, недель, месяцев, лет и т. д.); since 1960 – с 1960 года и т. п.

 

Exercise 57 . Раскройте скобки, используя глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous. Выполните перевод.

1. (…) you (to wait) long before the taxi arrived? 2. Jane said she (to garden) all afternoon. 3. We (to try) to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key. 4. It (to rain) hard for several hours and the streets were very wet. 5. When the police questioned him, John told them he (to work) late in the office that night. 6. Her friends (to think) of calling the police when she walked in. 7. Mr Brown (to work) for 45 years when he finally retired in 2010. 8. The FBI (to look) for the criminal for three years before they caught him. 9. When Sam got home, his hair was still wet because he (to swim). 10. Joe (already to think) about changing his job when he got the offer. 11. We (to travel) for about four hours when I realized that something was wrong with one of the tyres.

Exercise 58 . Выберите правильный вариант: Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous.

 

1. I knew my mother (had done / had been doing) the washing because the washing machine was still working when I got in. 2. By 10.30 the children (had been doing / had done) their homework and were ready to go to bed. 3. My son came home crying because someone (had stolen / had been stealing) his money. 4. She saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people (had been / had been being) in the room. 5. It was midnight. Tom (had studied / had been studying) for four hours. No wonder he was getting tired. 6. Andy's father bought him a car because he (had been coming / had come) top in the final exam. 7. Clark went to hospital because he (had been cutting / had cut) his hand while he was mending a broken window. 8. Ann's mother shouted at her when she came home late because she (had worried / had been worrying) about her all evening. 9. I was very pleased when my daughter found my watch because I (had been looking / had looked) for it for hours. 10. Henry suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn't answer because he (had been daydreaming / had daydreamed) for the last five minutes. 11. Robert wrote to the local newspaper about some rare insects which he (had been seeing / had seen) while he was walking in the woods. 12. Mark sent postcards to the new friends he (had made / had been making) while he was attending a language course.

 

Exercise 59 . Используйте предложения в Past Perfect Continuous. Сделайте их отрицательными и вопросительными. Выполните перевод.

1. We (to wait) for her for a long time. 2. I (to feel) sick for weeks before I finally went to see the doctor. 3. When Frank got home, he found that his children (to do) their homework. 4. He (to try) to find a job for quite a long time. 5. Glen (to drive) for an hour when his car broke down. 6. We (to wait) for an hour when our train finally arrived. 7. Henry (to play) football for over ten years when he gave it up in 2008. 8. They (to live) in London for fifteen years when they moved to Paris last year. 9. She (to stand) there for nearly half an hour when she realized she was at the wrong bus stop.

Exercise 60. Поставьте глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous. Задайте вопросы к выделенной части предложений.

1. Jill (to paint) her room before her friends called in. 2. They (to try) to phone her all the weekend. 3. The Browns (to stay) at the Hilton because their friends couldn’t put them up. 4. Terry and Ellen (to go) to the theatre when I met them. 5. Greta (to look) through the “Vogue” magazine when Paul dropped in. 6. Peggy (to wait) for Daniel’s call that evening. 7. They (to walk) 3 kilometres an hour. 8. You (not to stand) there since 6 o’clock. 9. Jane (to study) English for 5 years before she visited England. 10. He (to run) in the park when I saw him.

 

Exercise 61. Найдите ошибки в предложениях и исправьте их.

1. I watch TV hardly ever before dinner.

2. Mr and Mrs Smith goes walking in summer.

3. What do you at weekends?

4. Never I have tea in the morning.

5. She is enough clever to answer all the questions.

6. Cathy arrives at work early than her colleagues.

7. A friend of mine often goes to work by foot.

8. Pam works as an actress; she's talented and too beautiful.

9. These newly married people look happily.

10. He usually drinks quickly his coffee.

UNIT 6

Модальные глаголы

Модальные глаголы – это глаголы, обозначающие не само действие, а отношение к нему говорящего:

 

I must come and see               Я должен навестить своих

my parents next Sunday.       родителей в следующее воскресенье.

 

He can speak three languages. Он может говорить на трёх языках.

 

Модальные глаголы в английском языке не имеют формы инфинитива, неличных форм на - ed , - ing, не принимают окончания - s, - es в 3-ем лице единственного числа Present Indefinite, т.е. не спрягаются. Они образуют вопросительную и отрицательную формы без вспомогательного глагола. После модальных глаголов инфинитив другого глагола употребляется без частицы to (исключение – глагол ought to).

Can , could

 

Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы: can – для настоящего времени, could – для прошедшего. Употребляется он:

1) для выражения возможности или способности совершения действия. В этом значении переводится как "мочь", "уметь":

 

She can speak English well    Она может хорошо говорить по-

but she cannot write it at all. английски, но совсем не умеет писать.

 

2) для выражения разрешения совершить действие (в вопросительных и утвердительных предложениях):

 

Can we go home?                  Можно нам идти?

Yes, you can go.                    Да, вы можете идти.

 

3) для выражения запрета совершить действие, выраженного инфинитивом (только в отрицательных предложениях):

 

You can't speak at the lessons. На уроке разговаривать нельзя .

 

4) для выражения просьбы (в вопросительных предложениях):

 

Can (could) you give me        Вы не дадите мне

your dictionary?                     свой словарь ?

 

Форма could употребляется для более вежливого обращения.

 

to be able to

 

Сочетание to be able + инфинитив с частицей to является синонимом модального глагола can для выражения возможности или способности совершения действия:

He is able to help you.            Он может помочь вам.

He was able to help you.        Он мог помочь вам.

He will be able to help you.   Он сможет помочь вам.

 

Exercise 1. Заполните предложения глаголами can, can't, could или couldn't.

 

Example: I can stand on my head.

 

1. I ___ count to twenty in Italian.

2. Put up your hand if you ___ hear me.

3. There was a woman with a big hat in front of me. I ___ see a thing.

4. My mother ___ understand sign language.

5. When Mason was 7, he ___ swim like a fish.

6. We ___ all read and write.

7. When Lily was younger she ___ run very fast.

8. I ___ find my front door key last night.

 

Exercise 2.Закончите предложения, используяbe able to .

 

Examples:Ourbaby will be able to walk in a few weeks. I was able to contact him at the office yesterday. She hasn't been able to dance since she had a car crash.

 

1. It was rather cheap. – I ___ buy it.

2. It took a long time, but in the end Frank ___ buy his own car.

3. I ___ come tomorrow. I'm afraid, I'm too busy.

4. Our teacher says we ___ speak English fairly well in a few months.

5. He ___ work since his illness.

6. Unfortunately we ___ get the tickets for the match yesterday.

 

Exercise 3. Составьте в парах краткие диалоги, используя глагол can / could и данные словосочетания.

 

Example: speak French – Can you speak French? Yes, I can. (No, I can’t.) Could you speak French when you were little? Yes, I could. (No, I couldn’t).

1. ride a motorcycle          9. float on water

2. ride a horse            10.spell Mississippi

3. play the guitar       11.count to hundred in English

4. play the violin       12.stand on your head

5. cook food               13.touch your knee with your nose

6. whistle               14.touch your ear with your elbow

7. drive a car              15.touch the ceiling of this room

8. play cards              16.write stories in English

 

Exercise 4. Дайте отрицательные ответы и объясните причину.

 

Example: Can he come tomorrow? – He can’t come, because he is ill.

 

1. Can she forget the name of the street?  

2. Can they find the rooms at the hotel?

3. Can they spend their holidays with us?  

4. Can he go away?

5. Can the professor forget the title of the book?

6. Can you explain me what is going on? 

7. Can we find the way?

8. Can they solve this problem?                

9. Can he join the group?

 

Exercise 5. Выберите правильный вариант и ответьте на вопросы.

 

Examples:Bob can sing well, … (can he / can’t he)?

– Bob can sing well, can’t he? Yes, he can.

             They couldn’t visit you, … (could they / couldn’t they)?

– They couldn’t visit you, could they? No, they couldn’t.

 

1. You can’t see flowers so early in spring, (can you /, can’t you)? 2. Mr. Brown can swim very well, (can he / can’t he)? 3. We can leave tomorrow, (can we / can’t we)? 4. You couldn’t come in time, (could you / couldn’t you)? 5. Ann could count very well when she was four, (could she / couldn’t she)? 6. The student couldn’t understand the question, (could he / couldn’t he)? 7. Mary can’t play the violin, (can she / couldn’t she)?

 

Exercise 6. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу.

 

Examples:Could he answer all the questions? (Yes / easy)

– Yes, he could. They were easy enough for him to answer.    Could he answer all the questions? (No / difficult)

– No, he couldn’t. They were too difficult for him to answer.

1. Could they hear the radio? (Yes/loud) 2. Could he hear the radio? (No/low) 3. Could he buy the car? (Yes/cheap) 4. Could he buy the car? (No/expensive) 5. Could she eat the orange? (Yes/sweet) 6. Could she eat the orange? (No/sour)

 

Exercise 7. Перепишите данные предложения, используя глагол could для более вежливого выражения просьбы.

 

Example:  Speak louder! – Could you speak louder, please?

 

1. Write down your name and address!        6. Stop here!

2. Take my children to the kindergarten!    7. Clean the room!

3. Buy me some sandwiches!                   8. Show your pass!

4. Turn on the TV set!                              9. Open the suitcase!

5. Repair my bicycle!                               10. Pass me the ring!

May , might

 

Этот модальный глагол имеет две формы: may – для настоящего времени, might– для прошедшего. Глагол may употребляется для выражения:

1) разрешения в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях: You may go.– Ты можешь идти.

May I help you? – Разрешите вам помочь.

 

2) запрета в отрицательных предложениях: You may not come here.– Не смей сюда приходить.

 

3) предположения, неуверенности в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях: It may rain today.– Возможно, сегодня будет дождь. He might come. – Он, может быть, придёт.

 

Глагол might употребляется также в придаточных дополнительных предложениях в соответствии с правилом согласования времён:   

 

She said that he might take            Она сказала, что он может

her book.                                         взять её книгу .

 

Exercise 8 . Задайте вопрос, выражающий вежливую просьбу, используя глагол may.

 

Example:   Your group mate has a pen. You want to borrow it. –

May I please borrow your pen?

 

1. Your group mate has a dictionary. You want to borrow it.

2. Your group mate has a pencil sharpener. You want to borrow it.

3. Your group mate has an eraser. You want to use it for a minute.

4. Your group mate has a book. You want to see it.

5. You’re in your friend’s flat. You want to look at his album.

6. You’re knocking at your teacher’s room. You want to come in.

 

Exercise 9 . Прочитайте диалог. Обратите внимание на употребление в нём модального глагола may. Составьте свой диалог по образцу данного, используя в нём модальный глагол may и конструкцию to be going +инфинитив.

 

Roy :   Where are you going to spend your holidays this year, Harry?

Harry: We may go abroad. I’m not sure. My wife wants to go to  

           Egypt. I’d like to go there, too. We can’t make up our minds.

Roy :   Will you travel by sea or by air?

Harry: We may travel by sea.

Roy :   It’s cheaper, isn’t it?

Harry: It may be cheaper, but it takes a long time.

Roy :   I’m sure you will enjoy yourselves.

Harry: Don’t be so sure. We may not go anywhere. My wife always

worries too much. Who’s going to look after the dog? Who’s going to look after the house? Who’s going to look after the garden? We have this problem every year. In the end, we stay at home and look after everything!

 

Exercise 10 . Перепишите предложения, используя глагол may.

 

Example: Will you allow me to use your computer, please? –

May I use your computer, please?

 

1. Will you allow me to borrow your dictionary, please?

2. Will you allow them to come into the room now?

3. Will you allow me to bring my dog here, please?

4. Will you allow me to look at his paintings, please?

5. Will you allow me to leave earlier, please?

 

Exercise 11. Перепишите предложения, используя may / might.

 

Example: They will arrive tomorrow. – They may arrive tomorrow.

 

1. The playing field will be ready by next week. 2. The children had a dictation yesterday. 3. He will be late. 4. The old man slipped on the ice. 5. Benjamin will study German. 6. Perhaps the question was too difficult for him. 7. I had better take my raincoat, perhaps it will rain. 8. Perhaps the storm will come very soon. Look out! 9. Try this medicine, perhaps it will help you. 10. Why didn’t you remind him of his promise? It is possible that he forgot all about it.

 

Exercise 12. Перепишите предложения, используя may / might.

 

Example:Emily will have an operation next Monday. – Emily may have  

 an operation next Monday.

 

1. They will finish writing their essays on time. 2. Peter decided to take the examination again. 3. They are eating supper. 4. They will go swimming tomorrow. 5. The boy lied to his teacher.

 

Exercise 13 . Ответьте на вопросы, используя глагол may.

 

Example: Are you going to New York this spring? –

           I may go, but I’m not sure.

 

1. I haven’t seen Steve for a week. Is he ill?

2. Is your brother back from the country yet?

3. Are you going to postpone the meeting with the clients?

4. Will your husband be at home tonight?

5. Will Mr. Stephano come to the conference on Monday?

6. Will Mr. Burton be at the concert this evening?

7. Is there a tin of sardines in the cupboard?

8. Is Manuel strong enough to do the work?

Exercise 14 . Ответьте на вопросы, выражая предположение.

 

Example: Why do you think the driver was fined? –

He may/might have jumped the red light.

 

1. Why do you think the performance was cancelled? 2. Why do you think the conference will be held? 3. What do you think William has been doing all this time? 4. What do you think Mr. White is keeping? 5. Why do you think the ship sank? 6. Why do you think Ann is upset? 7. Where do you think Peter is?

to be allowed to / to be permitted to

 

Словосочетания to be allowed и to be permitted + инфинитив с частицей toявляются синонимами модального глагола may:

 

I am allowed to use this device.     Мне разрешено (я могу)

использовать этот прибор.        

He will be allowed to use this        Ему разрешат использовать

device.                                            этот прибор.

 

must

 

Глагол must употребляется:

 

1) для выражения долженствования, необходимости произвести действие в настоящем или будущем: I must go.– Мне надо идти.

 

2) для выражения запрета в отрицательном предложении:

You mustn't do it.– Нельзя этого делать.

 

3) для выражения вероятности какого-либо действия, предположения: He must have read this book.– Он, вероятно, читал эту книгу.

 

4) для обозначения настоятельного совета, рекомендации: You must come and see our new flat. – Ты должен придти посмотреть нашу новую квартиру.

to have ( to )

 

Глагол to have ( to ) употребляется в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей toдля выражения необходимости совершить действие в силу определённых обстоятельств и соответствует русскому "придётся, пришлось":

 

It was very dark and               Было очень темно , и нам

we had to stay at home.          пришлось остаться дома .

 

I don't have to stay here.        Мне не нужно здесь оставаться.

 

Exercise 15. Заполните пропуски глаголами have ( got ) to или must в нужном времени. В некоторых случаях возможны два варианта.

 

1. You ____ get a visa before you go abroad next month. 2. The children are happy because they ____ do any homework tonight. 3. ____ (you /do) military service in this country? 4. Mr Butler's office is close enough to his apartment. He ____ take a bus. He only takes it in bad weather. 5. You ____ stand up and walk around when the plane is taking off. 6. I've got a terrible toothache. I really ____ go to the dentist.

 

Exercise 16 . Заполните пропуски глаголами must или have to в правильной форме.

 

1. Nancy was feeling ill last night. She … leave the party early.

2. You really … work harder if you want to enter the institute.

3. Many children in Britain … wear school uniform.

4. Ann’s eyes are not very good. She … to wear glasses for reading.

5. I … write to my parents. I haven’t written to them for ages.

6. I can’t come on Saturday. I … meet my relatives at the airport.

Exercise 17. Составьте предложения, используя данные фразы и глагол must.

 

   Close the door behind you; go to medical school; have a driver’s licence; have a library card; have a passport; speak English outside of class every day, listen to the radio, watch television, read newspapers, make new friends, and think to myself in English; stop; study harder; take one pill every six hours.

 

Example: A driver …. – A driver must have a driver’s licence.

 

1. If a traffic light is red, a car ….

2. My doctor gave me a prescription. I ….

3. If you want to check a book out of library, you ….

4. I failed the last two tests in my biology class. According to my professor, I ….

5. If I want to travel abroad, I ….

6. If you want to become a doctor, you ….

7. Jimmy! It’s cold outside. When you come inside, you ….

8. I want to improve my English. According to my teacher, I ….

Exercise 18. Перепишите предложения, используя глагол must.

 

Example: It’s necessary for the children to study well. –

The children must study well.

 

1. It’s necessary for the children to play out-of-doors.

2. It’s necessary for Mike to get up early tomorrow.

3. It’s necessary for Mr. White to consult a doctor.

4. It’s necessary for the students to learn these rules by heart.

5. It’s necessary for Ruth to help her mother about the house.

6. It’s necessary for you to improve your pronunciation.

7. It’s necessary for the monitor to fetch the tape recorder.

8. It’s necessary for the students to attend the lectures.

 

Exercise 19 . Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи.

 

Example: We must repair this car. What’s that? –

They say … – They say (that) they must repair that car.

1. We feel thirsty. What’s that? They say …       

2. I shall catch the bus. What’s that? He says …

3. I am cold. What’s that? She says …

4. I have a cold. What’s that? He says …

5. I need a licence. What’s that? She says …

6. I shall sell this house. What’s that? He says …

7. I have an earache. What’s that? He says …

8. I want a haircut. What’s that? He says …

 

Exercise 20 . В данных предложениях употребите must или mustn ’ t .

 

1. Before getting on a plane you … show your boarding card. 2. You … fasten your seat belt during take off and landing. 3. Before you board a plane, you … pay your luggage on the scale, and you … pass the passport control. 4. You … use the toilet during take off or landing. 5. Passengers … use radio sets on board a plane. 6. You … smoke in the toilet on board the plane at any time. 7. Passengers … smoke in the smoking area. 8. You … block the aisle during the flight. 9. After landing, you … stay in your seat until the plane has come to a standstill.

Exercise 21. Перепишите предложения, используя must be.

 

Example: I’m sure you feel bad after the flight. –

You must feel bad after the flight.

 

1. This is probably the house we’ve been looking for.

2. I feel sure this is somebody else’s hat; it’s too small for me.

3. That man is probably an American.

4. I’m sure it’s going to rain.

5. I feel sure these are the papers he asked me for.

6. I am sure it is pleasant to live in such a beautiful flat.

7. It is probably a very complicated task.

8. You have probably heard the song before.

9. I feel sure there is a bend in the road right ahead of us.

10. These ancient buildings were probably erected about three hundred years ago.

Exercise 22. Перепишите предложения согласно образцу.

 

Example: He has probably missed the train. –

 He must have missed the train.

 

1. I’m sure he has changed a great deal since his college days.

2. She has probably received the telegram in time.

3. I am certain the place looks lovely in spring.

4. He probably was out when you called.  

5. They probably lost his address.

6. It seems certain that he dropped the parcel here.

7. I am sure he has reached home by now.

8. There is no doubt he invented the whole story.

9. I’m sure the man was handsome in his youth.

10. I am sure he found the documents.     

11. There is no doubt they told a lie.

to be + Infinitive

 

Сочетание глагола to be с инфинитивом употребляется для выражения необходимости совершения действия в соответствии с предыдущей договорённостью или заранее намеченным планом. Переводится как "должен, должен был" и т.п.:

 

I was to meet her at 3 o'clock.   Я должен был встретить её в 3 часа.

 

They are to begin this work             Они должны начать работу

at once.                                      немедленно .

 

Exercise 23. Ответьте на вопросы, используя модальный глагол to be . Подготовьте устный перевод.

 

Example: Why didn’t you go to the cinema with your parents? You wanted to go together. – I was to go to the cinema, but I was ill.

 

1. Why didn’t you come to Mary’s party? You wanted to come. 2. Why didn’t you work in the office on Saturday? You promised to help us. 3. Why didn’t you buy a new car? Yours is old. 4. Why didn’t you call Sally? She waited for you. 5. Why didn’t you finish the translation? You wanted to finish your work. 6. Why didn’t you help your parents in the garden? You promised to water the vegetables.

Exercise 2 4 . Ответьте на вопросы, используя модальный глагол to be и фразы в скобках.

Example: Are you going to visit your uncle today? (but I was very busy) –  

 Yes, I am. I was to visit him yesterday, but I was very busy.

 

1. Are you going to buy vegetables today? (but I forgot)

2. Are you going to your English teacher? (I couldn’t)

3. Are you going to the dentist today? (I was afraid)

4. Are you going to bring your collection of coins to college? (I couldn’t find it)

5. Are you going to clean your room today? (I was very tired)

shall

 

Глагол shall выражает обещание, намерение, угрозу, предостережение:

 

He shall get his money.                  Он получит свои деньги .

The child shall be punished for it. Ребёнок будет наказан за это.

 

Глагол shall также выражает запрос относительно дальнейших действий: Shall we begin?– Нам начинать?

should

 

Глагол should в основном употребляется для выражения настоятельного совета, рекомендации:

 

You should see a doctor.         Вам следует показаться врачу.

  Exercise 25. Вставьте вместо пропусков глагол shall или should.

 

1. Everyone ... have the right to education.

2. Government officials ... be accountable to the people.

3. All people ... be equal in law.

4. With some exceptions Americans believe they ... be free to do pretty much as they please so long as they don’t hurt other people.

5. Americans believe that every citizen ... have an equal chance to influence government policy.

6. No one ... inform about the private life of any person.

 

Exercise 26. Дополните предложения, используя you should и данные выражения:

 

   Buy a new pair of shoes, go on a diet, go to the bank, go to the post office, go to bed and take a nap, see a dentist, study harder.

 

Example: I want to mail a package. – You should go to the post office.

 

1. I’m gaining weight. My old clothes are too small for me.

2. My marks aren’t good. I have many “threes”.      

3. I need some money.

4. My shoes have holes in the bottom.

5. I have a toothache.            

6. I’m sleepy.

 

Exercise 27. Дополните предложения, используя should / shouldn ’ t.

 

1. Your plane leaves at 8:00. You … get to the airport by 7:00.

2. When you go to New York City, you … see a play on Broadway.

3. You … walk alone in city streets after midnight. It’s dangerous.

4. It’s raining. You … take your umbrella when you leave.

5. We … waste our money on things we don’t need.

6. Students … cut class.

7. Pupils … come to class every day.

8. Life is short. We … waste it.

9. Jimmy! You … pull the cat’s tail!

10. People … be cruel to animals.

Exercise 28 . Дополните предложения, используя might , must , should . Возможны утвердительные и отрицательные варианты. В некоторых предложениях возможно использование нескольких глаголов.

1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you … at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine. 2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she … show up at the party if she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday. 3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she … be here by 6:00. 4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move him – he … have internal injuries. Somebody call an ambulance. 5. You … be kidding! That can't be true. 6. Dan: Where's the remote control? I want to change the channel. Fiona: I don't know. It … be under the couch. Or, perhaps I absent-mindedly took it into the kitchen. I'll check in there. 7. For most people, learning a language is a challenging undertaking. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you … practice the language regularly and push yourself to maintain old vocabulary while acquiring new words and expressions. 8. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he … start walking once a day. 9. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they … really enjoy a nice day at the beach. 10. Tim: While I was a student, I spent a year and a half studying Pygmy culture in the Central African Republic. My research focused on unique aspects of the their social structure and religion. Simona: That … have been absolutely fascinating! 11. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He … be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing. 12. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he … take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position. 13. You … worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work. 14. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip … cost a fortune. I doubt I could afford something like that. 15. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers grow. Since some people might be allergic to chemicals in artificial plant foods, the book says that you … use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations.

ought

 

Модальный глагол ought выражает моральную необходимость совершения действия. На русский язык обычно переводится словами должен, должен бы, следует, следовало бы. Имеет только форму настоящего неопределенного времени ought, т. е. форм прошедшего и будущего неопределенного времени не имеет.

После модального глагола oughtсмысловой глагол в неопределенной форме употребляется с частицей to:

 

I suppose I ought to            Я полагаю, мне следовало бы

confiscate it, but I hate to       конфисковать это, но я терпеть не

treat an officer in that way.            могу так обращаться с офицером.

 

Глагол ought в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом указывает на то, что желаемое действие не было осуществлено в прошлом:

 

Не ought to have done            Ему следовало бы сделать

this work.                                эту работу.

 

Модальный глагол ought может выражать:

 

1) моральный долг, обязательство:

 

I ought to pay our debts.         Я должен оплатить наши долги.

 

She told him he ought not to Она сказала ему, что он не должен

have done it.                           был этого делать.

 

2) желательность, целесообразность ("вам следует/нужно"):

 

You ought to take care           Тебе следовало бы позаботиться

of yourself.                             о себе.

You ought to see a doctor.      Вам нужно обратиться к врачу.

 

We really ought to buy           Нам следовало бы купить новую

a new car, oughtn’t we?          машину , не так ли ?

 

3) вероятность, предположение ("должно быть", "наверное"):

 

You ought to be hungry by now.    Вы, наверное, уже проголодались.

Apples ought to grow well here.    Здесь должны хорошо расти яблоки.

He ought to be here by now.   Он должен уже быть здесь к этому

времени.

 

Модальный глагол ought to очень похож на should, так как употребляется в аналогичных случаях. Но should употребляется чаще. Should, а не ought to употребляется в официальных объявлениях / заявлениях:

 

Candidates should be prepared to answer some questions.

 

Оught toупотребляется для выражения действий в настоящем и будущем времени; также, если перед модальным глаголом идет смысловой глагол в прошедшем времени, то ought to в таком случае выражает прошедшее действие:

 

We ought to find the way out.

He said that we ought to find the way out.

 

Exercise 29 . Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной временной форме. Выполните перевод.

1. They ought (to go) to school together.

2. The child ought (to take) care of the kitten.

3. You (not to ought) quarrel with your parents.

4. I (to ought) to start the project alone?

5. Who (ought to find) it out?

6. I thought we (to ought) to leave immediately.

7. I think you (to ought) to take part in the conference next year.

8. Where (we to ought) to look for that man?

9. You (to ought) never to talk to strangers.

10. My mother said that I (not to ought) to look for troubles.

 

Exercise 30. Исправьте ошибки, где это необходимо.

 

1. Mike oughts to know the truth. 

2. We ought to ignore their offences. 

3. Ought I to solve the problem? 

4. You don't ought to dress up for this party. 

5. Do we ought to write a report? 

6. How ought I to get there? 

7. Who oughts to take the responsibility? 

8. I realized that I didn't ought to leave her alone. 

9. The teacher said that the students ought to pass the test. 

10. You oughtn`t to be so rude to women.

 

Exercise 3 1 . Перефразируйте предложения, используя структуру it ' s time ........

Example:You ought to clean that flat. – It’s time you cleaned that flat.

1. She should get her hair cut.

2. We ought to have a holiday.

3. You need to cut the grass.

4. You ought to wash that sweater.

5. You ought to stop smoking.

6. He ought to grow up.

7. We ought to paint the kitchen.

8. He needs a new car.

9. This team hasn’t won a match for ages.

 

Exercise 32. A. Англоязычный гость приезжает в ваш город. Дайте ему рекомендации, используя should / ought to.

 

1. Come during white nights;

2. stay at least for a week;

3. book a room in advance;

4. choose a hotel in the centre of the city;

5. go to the suburbs such as ...;

6. buy souvenirs in the largest department store;

7. sail in a water tram along rivers and canals;

8. have a night walk along the embankment;

9. visit a museum.

 

B. Ваш друг собирается на пляж. Что ему необходимо взять с собой, одеть или сделать? Дайте советы, используя ought to.

 

Example: You ought to take sunglasses.

need

 

Модальный глагол need выражает необходимость совершения действия. На русский язык обычно переводится словами нужно, надо.

Он имеет только форму настоящего неопределенного времени need, т.е. форм прошедшего и будущего неопределенного времени не имеет:

 

We need talk of this                     Нам больше не нужно

no more.                                            об этом говорить.

 

В отличие от других модальных глаголов вопросительная и отрицательная формы модального глагола need могут образовываться также и при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в соответствующей форме, причем смысловой глагол в этом случае употребляется с частицей to:

 

Need we answer this letter? /                Нам нужно ответить

Do we need to answer this letter?         на это письмо ?

 

You need not answer this letter. /          На это письмо вам

You do not need to answer this letter.   не нужно отвечать.

Exercise 33. Заполните пропуски глаголом need.

 

Example:The teacher says we needn't go to school tomorrow, (negative)

Do I need tohave a license to drive a car in this country? (question)

You've got a terrible cough. You need see a doctor, (positive)

 

1. My mother says that I ___ work harder. (positive)

2. ___ he ___ phone you before he comes to see you? (question)

3. You can go home now, you ___ stay any longer. (negative)

4. How much money ___ we ___ save up for the trip? (question)

5. Pat's a clever student, but she ___ work harder. (positive)

Exercise 34. Ответьте на вопросы.

 

Example:Must I write the letter now? –

No, you needn’t. You can write it tomorrow. / Yes, you must.

1. Must I prepare the essay now?

2. Must she type the document now?

3. Must I bring that question up now?

4. Must I call her at once?

5. Must the students hand in their papers today?

6. Must we finish the work today?

7. Must the manager talk to the client right now?

8. Must I send him a telegram?

9. Must Miss Brown book the tickets today?

10. Must we pay him a visit now?  

 

Exercise 35. Вставьте недостающие реплики.

 

1. A: Can I speak to Mr Smith?             B: …………………………

A: Could I leave a message for him? B: …………………………

2. A: …………………… B: Hold on, please. I'll see if he's in the office.

3. A: ……………………………….

B: This is 643-8973. But there's no one by the name of Sam here.

4. A: Can I speak to Miss Jones? B: ……………………………

A: No, I'll call again later.

 

Exercise 36 . Сделайте данные предложения отрицательными и вопросительными. Переведите их.

 

Example:    I must go to work today. I mustn't go to work today.

Must I go to work today?

 

1. You can answer all the questions.

2. We may park here.

3. On weekdays we could stay up late.

4. Ann might know Tom's address.

5. I ought to write to him tomorrow.

6. Kelly must practise the piano every day.

7. They should be in bed now.

8. We need tell Nick about the party.

 

Exercise 37. Поставьте вместо выделенных заменителей модальные глаголы, сделайте необходимые изменения и перевод.

1. Anybody is able to learn to cook.

2. He is allowed to be present at the lesson.

3. You are to stop smoking.

4. I have to correct the plan.

5. They are permitted not to agree with me.

6. He has to go there.

7. She is able to speak Spanish.

8. You have to be here by 6 o’clock.

9. I am allowed to correct my plan.

10. They areto help him.

 

Exercise 38. Поставьте вместо выделенных заменителей модальные глаголы, сделайте необходимые изменения и перевод.

 

1. The rule hasto be simple.

2. You are to go to the cinema.

3. My mum is able to knit.

4. My brother is permittedto stay late at night.

5. They are able to swim very well.

6. We haveto go there on time.

7. He is able to ride a horse.

8. You are allowedto be at the party.

9. The secretary isto type this document.

10. The cat is permittedto sleep on an arm-chair.

Exercise 39. Переведите на английский язык, используя «Лексический минимум» и модальные глаголы: shall , needn ' t , hadn ' t to , shouldn ' t + Perfect Infinitive , have to , may.

 

1. Я рад, что мне не пришлось заканчивать эту работу вчера.

2. Иногда мне приходится работать по выходным дням.

3. Можно мне заказать авиабилет заранее? – Да, конечно.

4. Мне написать ответ на этот запрос? – Да, сделайте это, пожалуйста.

5. Им не следовало отправлять документы авиапочтой.

6. Вам не нужно посылать нам копию контракта.

«Лексический минимум»

 

заказывать билет – to book a ticket ;    авиапочта – air mail ;

копия контракта – a copy of contract; заранее – in advance.

Exercise 40. Переведите на английский язык, используя «Лексический минимум» и модальные глаголы: won ’ t be able to , must , shall , had to , would.

1. Контракт должен быть написан на двух языках, русском и английском, и подписан обеими сторонами.

2. Вчера мне пришлось ответить на все эти письма.

3. Не могли бы вы ответить на наше письмо как можно скорее?

4. Мы не сможем выполнить ваш заказ вовремя.

5. Вы обязательно должны приехать и посмотреть нашу новую производственную линию.

 

«Лексический минимум»

подписывать – to sign ;     заказ – an order ;

сторона – a side;         запрос – an enquiry / inquiry;

производственная линия – production / commercial line.

                                     

Exercise 41. Перефразируйте предложения. Выполните перевод.

 

Example:You had better ask your teacher to help you with your studies. –

 You ought to/should ask your teacher to help you with your studies.

1. Can you hold this bag for me, please?

2. Why don't we go for a picnic this weekend?

3. It wasn't necessary for John to go to work because it was Sunday.

4. We managed to do the puzzle, although it was difficult.

5. You are to report to the manager as soon as you reach Manchester.

6. You are forbidden to enter this area.

7. Do you mind if I take this chair?

8. You don't need to feed the dog. I've already done it.

9.  You ought to have locked the doors when you went out.

10. I strongly advise you to take legal action.

11. We are supposed to obey the law.

UNIT 7

Местоимения

Personal P ronouns

Личные местоимения изменяются по падежам: если они употребляются в предложении в качестве подлежащего, то они стоят в именительном падеже; если они употребляются в качестве дополнения, то они стоят в объектном падеже.

       

Именительный падеж                          Объектный падеж

 

           I –      я                        me –  мне, меня

Един.    he –   он                     him – ему, его

число        she – она                   her –  ей, ее

           it –   он, она, оно    it –     ему/ей, его/ее

 

Множ.      we –   мы                   us –    нам, нас

число        you – вы, ты         you – вам, вас, тебе, тебя

           they – они                   them – им, их

 

Местоимение I всегда пишется с большой буквы. Местоимения he, she употребляются в отношении одушевлённых лиц, it – в отношении неодушевлённых предметов, абстрактных понятий и животных. Местоимение they употребляется как в отношении одушевлённых, так и неодушевлённых предметов, например:

 

Does he know what I want? Он знает, чего я хочу?

Tell him to call me right away. Вели ему позвонить мне сейчас же.

 

Местоимение it может иметь значение это:

 

I hear a knock at the door.      Я слышу стук в дверь,

– I think it's my wife.             по-моему, это моя жена.

Itможет употребляться вместо ранее упомянутых фраз, предложений или даже целого отрывка, например:

 

The music stopped.                        Музыка прекратилась .

He didn't notice it.                          Он не заметил этого.

 

Местоимение it часто используется как формальное подлежащее в безличных предложениях, в которых говорится о погоде, времени, расстоянии и различных измерениях:

 

It's snowing.                                  Идёт снег .

It's very cold in the room.             В комнате очень холодно.

It's three o'clock.                           Сейчас три часа .

It's two miles to the station.           До станции две мили.

It's twenty degrees above zero.    Сейчас двадцать градусов тепла.

 

  Exercise 1. Заполни пропуски личными местоимениями в нужном падеже.

1) I have a sister. I love ... very much.      

2) They are very good people. I know ....

3) Tom is in Canada. ... studies at a university. 

4) We need some help. Please, help ....

5) This is my drawing. Look at ….

6) My friends are at Sam’s party. We can join ....

7) Where is your letter? I want to read ....

8) A dog is an animal. … is a friend of man.

9) Sam and Pete are group-mates. … study in the same group.

10) My brother is a policeman. People often ask … for help.

 

Exercise 2. Замените подчеркнутые слова соответствующими личными местоимениями. Сделайте перевод.

1) My brother is a turner.

2) How old are your parents?

3) The teacher gave Olga an excellent mark.

4) Our academy is one of the largest in Russia.

5) Their son graduated the Omsk State University.

6) The population of Omsk is over one million people.

7) I like to spend my spare time with my friends.

8) The award was given to my friend Nick.

9) Graduates of our academy work in Russia and abroad.

10) My sister helps our mother to do the work about the house.

  Exercise 3. Заполните пропуски личными местоимениями. Слова в скобках помогут вам.

Example: ___ often reads books. (Lisa) – She often reads books.

1) ___ is dreaming. (George)

2) ___ is green. (the blackboard)

3) ___ are on the wall. (the posters)

4) ___ is running. (the dog)

5) ___ are watching TV. (my mother and I)

6) ___ are in the garden. (the flowers)

7) ___ is riding his bike. (Tom)

8) ___ is from Bristol. (Victoria)

9) ___ has got a brother. (Diana)

10) Have ___ got a computer, Mandy?

 

   Exercise 4. Замените подчеркнутые слова личными местоимениями в объектном падеже.

1) The teacher always gives the students homework.

2) I am reading the book to my little sister.

3) The boys are riding their bikes.

4) My father is writing a letter to John.

5) I don't know the answer.

6) Sally is going to Anne.

7) Open the window, please.

8) Can you tell the people the way to the airport, please?

9) The books are for Peter.

10) Can you help my sister and me, please?

 

  Exercise 5. Закончите данные сообщения, заполнив пропуски нужными личными местоимениями в общем или объектном падежах.

  1. Amy phoned. Please phone ___ back at 2 o’clock. ___ says that it is very important. 2. Jane and I are going shopping. Would you like to come with ___? 3. Harry has been unwell. Please give ___ two spoonfuls of medicine at lunchtime. 4. I’m going to the club on Tuesday. Can you come with ___? 5. I have left the boxes on the floor. Please put ___ away in the cupboard. 6. Your friends phoned to say that ___ will meet you at the pub. 7. The parcel is at the post office waiting for you to collect ___. 8. Phil and I are going to look for it. ___ will be back later.

 

Possessive P ronouns

 

  Притяжательные местоимения служат определениями к существительным и всегда занимают место перед определяемыми существительными. В отличие от русского языка, где имеется местоимение свой, употребляемое со всеми лицами, английские притяжательные местоимения используются строго в соответствии с личными местоимениями. Если возникает необходимость употребить притяжательное местоимение без существительного, то существует специальная форма, которая называется абсолютной формой. Все наглядно представлено в табл. 3.

 

Таблица 3

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