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Corporate Law
Corporate Law(corporations law, company law) deals with the formation and operations of corporations and is related to commercial and contract law. A corporation is a legal entity created under the laws of the state it’s incorporated within. State laws, which vary from state to state, regulate the creation, organization and dissolution of their corporations. A corporation creates a legal or “artificial person” or entity that has standing to sue and be sued, enter into contracts, and perform other duties necessary to maintain a business, separate from its stockholders.
Corporations are taxable entities, which shields the individual owners or shareholders from personal liability for the liabilities and debts of the corporation, with some limited exceptions – such as unpaid taxes.
Corporations are often used in tax structuring, as they are taxed at a lower rate than individuals. Until formally dissolved, a corporation has perpetual life; the termination or deaths of officials or stockholders does not alter the corporate structure. States have registration laws requiring corporations that incorporate in other states to request permission to do in-state business.
There are also federal laws relevant to corporations. Corporations in certain industries are subject to federal regulation and licensing, such as communications and public transportation. The Securities Act of 1933, which is federal law, regulates how corporate securities (stocks, bonds, etc.) are issued and sold.
Corporate law professionals are trained in the legal formation of corporations. These attorneys also construct joint ventures, licensing arrangements, mergers, acquisitions, and the countless other transactions entered into by corporations. Other areas of practice include business formations, securities law, venture capital financing, business agreements, internal forms, and business tax consultations.
РАЗДЕЛ 2
Present continuous, Past continuous,
Future continuous
Общая таблица построения различных типов предложений
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | FutureContinuous | |
| + | Am/ is/ are Ving | Was/ were Ving | Will be Ving |
| - | Am/is/are not Ving | Was/ were not Ving | Won`t be Ving |
| ? общ. | Am/is/ are …. Ving? | Was/were….. Ving? | Will …be Ving? |
| ? спец. | Where am/is/are …. Ving? | Where was/were …. Ving? | When will …be Ving? |
| ? спец. | Who is/are + Ving | Who was/were Ving? | Who will be Ving? |
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Примечание:
Допустима форма shall be Ving для 1 лица. Например: I shall be going. We shall be staying.
2.1 Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form:
come get happen look make start stay try work
1. 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.'
2. I _______________ for Christine. Do you know where she is?
3. It _______________ dark. Shall I turn on the light?
4. They haven't got anywhere to I've at the moment. They _______________ with friends until they find somewhere.
5. 'Are you ready, Ann?' 'Yes, I _____________.
6. Have you got an umbrella? It _____________to rain.
7. You _____________ a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I _____________ to concentrate.
8. Why are all these people here? What _____________?
2.2 Use the words in brackets to complete the questions.
1. 'Is Colin working this week?' 'No, he's on holiday.' (Colin/work)
2. Why _____________ at me like that? What's the matter? (you/look)
3. 'Jenny is a student at university.' 'Is she? What _____________ ?' (she/study)
4. _____________to the radio or can I turn it off? (anybody/listen)
5. How is your English? _____________ better? (it/get)
A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about her plans. Use the words in brackets to make your questions.
1. (where/go?) Where are you going? Scotland.
2. (how long/stay?) Ten days.
3. (when/go?) Next Friday.
4. (go/alone?) No, with a friend of mine.
5. (travel/by car?) No, by train.
6. (where/stay?) In a hotel.
2.4 Read this conversation between Brian and Sarah. Put the verbs into the correct form.
SARAH: Brian! How nice to see you! What (1) _____________ (you/do) these days?
BRIAN: I (2) _____________ (train) to be a supermarket manager.
SARAH: Really? What's it like? (3) _____________ (you/enjoy) it?
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BRIAN: It's all right. What about you?
SARAH: Well, actually I (4) _____________ (not/work) at the moment.
I (5) _____________ (try) to find a job but it's not easy.
But I'm very busy. I (6) _____________ (decorate) my flat.
BRIAN: (7) _____________ (you/do) it alone?
SARAH: No, some friends of mine (8) _____________ (help) me.
2.5 Complete the sentences using one of these verbs: get change rise fall increase
You don't have to use all the verbs and you can use a verb more than once.
1. The population of the world is rising very fast.
2. Ken is still ill but he _____________better slowly.
3. The world _____________. Things never stay the same.
4. The cost of living _____________. Every year things are more expensive.
5. The economic situation is already very bad and it _____________ worse.
2 .6. Use always ~ing
1. A: I'm afraid I've lost my key again.
B: Not again! You're always losing your key.
2. A: The car has broken down again.
B: That car is useless! It ___________________
3. A: Look! You've made the same mistake again.
B: Oh no, not again! I __________________
4. A: Oh, I've left the lights on again.
B: Typical! You ___________________
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