Freight and commercial operations along the line
There are three required operations along the line:
1. Commercial inspection
2. Sorting of part load consignments and containers
3. Position checking of oversized cargo
Commercial inspection is an important part of the transportation process. Wagons have to be inspected on the special commercial points along the line. Railway acceptance agents are responsible for the operation. Commercial drawback is a state of wagon or goods, which could endanger the safety condition of cargo. It includes tampering or lack of seals, pilferage, open doors and sides of wagons etc. The most dangerous commercial drawbacks are overloading a wagon, oil car’s leaking and defective loading. It requires to set out the wagons from the train. In case of impossibility of performing technical maintenance, cargo has to be transferred into another wagon. Upon detection of a commercial drawback, acceptance agents draw up an act. The kind of act depends on degree of damage. There are more «loyal» general acts and «tighter» loss and damage claims. Loss and damage claim shall be drawn up in the following cases:
· Arrival the cargo without a document set
· Arrival the document set without the cargo
· Discrepancies between the document set and cargo
· Damage to the cargo
· Recovery of stolen goods
· Non-transfer the cargo to the recipient in the 24 hours after the preparation of the extradition document
In case of total or partial loss of the goods, the carrier shall compensate the value of the goods on day and at the place where they were taken over for carriage. The station shall record the establishment of any loss and damage claim in the railway waybill.
Notwithstanding the above, loss and damage claim shall only be drawn up if it is established that the above irregularities must have taken place between the time the cargo was consigned and the time it was released to the recipient of goods.
In order to facilitate the process of identifying commercial drawbacks, some of the points have an automatic wagon commercial inspection system (AWCIS).
Fig.3 – Automatic Wagon Commercial Inspection System
The technology is comprised of plenty of electronic subsystems which allow to introduce automation into inspection process. Automatic wagon commercial inspection system is used for checking position of oversized cargo, visual inspections, weighing wagons, determination of train speed, passing information along to CAE system etc. The structure of AWCIS is shown in figure 4.
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Fig.4 – Structure of AWCIS
Besides the required operations, there are such additional operations as transferring of cargo, reforwarding, re-consignment and routing.
In cases where rolling stock is to be consigned for transport on its own wheels over tracks of various rail gauges, the agreement of the railways having a different gauge must be obtained in advance without fail. Difference in railway gauges is a reason of additional loading and unloading of cargo. It leads to increasing delays and transport costs. In the case of international transportation, solving the break-of-gauge issue involves either operating the bogies at the break-of-gauge points or operating with two sets of wagons of different gauges and transferring the cargo from one set to the other.
Reforwarding is a process of delivering a part of cargo which wasn’t sent with preponderating consignment. Reforwarding arises from transferring a cargo when it’s impossible to load all the consignment into a wagon because of scarcity of tonnage. It also could be as a result of the absence of the document set or setting out bad-order wagons with the part of cargo. In order to reforward the consignment, a supplementary railway memorandum bill is drawn up. If part of the cargo is being transported under a supplementary memorandum bill, the delivery time shall be calculated for the portion of the cargo that is delivered under the main railway waybill.
The process of changing the arrival station along the line is called re-consignment. It makes railway operations difficult because of the increasing of the wagon-mileages and of the initiation of additional operations. Therefore, re-consignment is an exceptional circumstance demanding for a significant cause.
In the event of carriage of goods in bulk there are shipments where no recipient of goods is specified. Cargo goes to the special points where representatives of consignor finally select the destination station. The process is known as routing.
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