Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Environmental Protection

Scientific and technological progress of the twenty-first century re­sulted in widespread mechanization, automated lines computerized management, spaceships, atomic power stations, pipelines, new roads and highways.

But it can not be denied that the price for rapid industrial develop­ment is very high: natural resources are exhausted, the ecological bal­ance of the planet is disturbed; some species of flora and fauna disap­pear; city and industry waters, chemicals and fertilizers are endangering lakes, rivers and ponds. Big cities have a problem with air pollution: the “Killer Smog” caused some 3 500 — 4000 deaths in London in Decem­ber, 1952. Progress can be blamed for all these environmental problems.

In recent years the pollution problems have received great publicity. The Environmental movement associated with no political party has gained widespread trust and support. Environmental activities stress that the problem is caused by industrial pollution and the automobile. Long-established environmental groups warn that acid rains threaten many forests. The media’s begun to campaign against the ugliness of billboards, tin cans and trash. Many people started to realize that to keep air and water clean, strict pollution control is necessary.

The protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a po­litical program in every country. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries led to considerable improvements in environment. In many countries purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters have been installed, measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil waters. Wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature are being developed in some parts of the world.

But the environmental problems have grown beyond the concern of a single country. Their solution requires the cooperation of all nations.

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Protect, trash, litter, defense, impoverish, exhaust, controversy, dis­cussion, combat, fight, tillage, treatment.

5.Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

Adoption, reduce, unbalanced, steep, management, unnoticed, mis­management, non-adoption, gentle, balanced, reversible, increase, dis­turbed, noticed, irreversible, disappear, undisturbed, decomposition, appear, composition.

6.Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Овражная эрозия, научный и технический прогресс, проблемы загрязнения, широко распространенное доверие и поддержка, экологический баланс, подвергать опасности, кислотные дожди, заповедник дикой природы, сотрудничество всех государств, бы­строе промышленное развитие, обработка промышленных вод, консервные банки, компания против уродства досок для объявле­ний, очистительные системы.

7.Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

1. Проблемы загрязнения получили большую огласку. 2. Су­ществуют разные виды эрозии. 3. Эрозия почвы увеличивается, если нет растительного покрова. 4. Меры консервации могут уменьшить опасность эрозии почвы как водной, так и ветровой. Правильные методы обработки и земледелия могут решить проблемы эрозии почвы на фермах. 6. Почвенная эрозия — это естественный процесс. 7. Ветровая эрозия зависит от разных фак­торов. 8. Овражная эрозия — наиболее драматическая демонстра­ция эрозии.

8.Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:

Unnoticed, detachment, emission, improvement, industrial, dis­turbed, pollution, reservation, deforestation, depletion, environmental, twentieth, disappear, different, installation, requirement, considera­ble.
9. Составьте предложения , используя следующие слова :

1. Many, in, purifying, been, have, installed, countries, systems.

2. Price, industrial, rapid, high, development, the, for, is, very. 3. Re­ceived, have, recently, the, great, pollution, publicity, problems. 4. Ec­ological, of, planet, the, disturbed, is, balance, the. 5. Been, to, meas­ures, from, protect, have, and, rivers, sees, waters, taken, oil. 6. The, requires, nations, the, all, cooperation, solution, of. 7. Different, in, antipollution, countries, acts, passed.

10. Образуйте причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени данных глаголов:

То lead, to take, to grow, to exhaust, to mean, to protect, to lose, to occur, to cover, to have, to consider.

11. Задайте к каждому предложению по пять вопросов:

1. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries. 2. The environmental problems are caused by industrial pollution. 3. Purifying systems have been installed for treatment of industrial waters. 4. The solution requires the cooperation of all nations. 5. In recent years the pollution problems have received great publicity. 6. Measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil water.

 

12.Преобразуйте предложения, изменив форму глаголов-сказу­емых из действительного залога в страдательный:

1. Specialists have just installed purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters. 2. Recently workers have taken necessary measures to protect rivers and seas from oil waters. 3. Acid rains threaten many forests. 4. In some parts of the world people are developing wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature now. 5. The solution of the environmental problems requires the cooperation of all nations.

13.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What are advantages of industrial development? 2. What are dis­advantages of industrial development? 3. What do Environmental activ­ists do? 4. What has been done to improve the environment in many countries? 5. Why do the environmental problems require the coopera­tion of all nations?

 

 

Практическая работа №16

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Combustion, ignition, explosion, implicit, attenuation, hamper, pri­ority, contamination, chemical, remediation, highlight, pollution, con­straint, probability, delay, representation, cleaning-up, multifunctio­nality.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Remediation strategy, pose no harm to humans, a growing aware­ness; chemical properties, planning constraint, dispersion of pollution, due to air emission, to restore multifunctionality, industrialized coun­tries, increase in productivity, may hinder, specific developments, eco­nomic burden, environmental balance.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Soil Pollution

Soil pollution has become a priority in many industrialized countries after the inventory of various locations in which contamination was posing a risk to people and the environment.

The effects of soil contamination are different:

-  soil pollution is a source of risk for humans and ecosystems, which are (potentially) affected by direct exposure to the contaminated surface or by indirect exposure, for instance through contaminated ground water;

-  soil contamination is a source of risk for ground work (like pipe­lines or utility network) due to the chemical properties of the contami­nant and the risk of ignition and explosion, for instance for fuel con­tamination;

-  for publicly owner sites, a polluted area is a severe planning con­straint, since the site use may be impossible or limited to a specific soil functionality (e.g., an industrial storage facility);

-  for privately owned sites, a polluted area is a heavy economic bur­den of remediation expenditures (a net cost for the company) and of soil usage;

-  the presence of polluted areas may hinder and delay some specific developments which imply land use and ground work (like the provi­sion or maintenance of infrastructures);

-  remediation expenditures do not offer any increase in productivity, merely the possibility of removing a source of risk and a planning con­straint.

The ultimate objective of the operations is to eliminate the risk to a man and the environment and to prevent the dispersion of pollution, that is to restore multifunctionality in the shortest possible time. Soil multifunctionality requires that the soil on the site after sanitation should pose no harm to humans, animals or plants, regardless of the use of the site, the type of soil, the type of pollutants and the local situation. This is a very demanding objective, totally driven by environmental quality considerations. There is, however, a growing awareness that other criteria should be included when assessing remediation strategies. One of the reasons is that the costs involved in multifunctional opera­tions are no longer political defendable. -There is also a growing recog­nition that clean-up operations do not necessarily lead to a positive environmental balance. Soil remediation requires the use of resources (like energy and clean water) and may lead to a net transfer of con­tamination to other compartments (for instance, due to air emissions). Therefore, the single perspective implied by the multifunctionality may result into an approach which disregards many relevant concerns for soil remediation.

4.  Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Properties, hinder, embrace, cover, purpose, merely, aim, charac­teristics, humper, simply, aim, objectives.

5.  Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

Directly, timely, private, unnecessarily, negative, said, public, posi­tive, unregistered, untimely, systematic, indirectly, necessary, unsaid, registered, haphazard.

6.  Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Загрязнение почвы, непосредственная подверженность, повы­шение производительности, растущая осведомленность, земле­пользование, восстановление почвы, самое короткое время, тя­желое экономическое бремя, источник риска, операции по очи­стке.

7.  Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

1. Расходы на восстановление не предполагают никакого повышения в производительности. 2. Почвенная многофунк­циональность требует очистки почвы. 3. Загрязнение почвы — источник риска для земляных работ. 4. Конечная цель опера­ции — устранить риск человека и окружающей среды. 5. Очень важно предотвратить распространение загрязнения. 6. Невоз­можно ограничить функциональность почвы. 7. Баланс восста­новления окружающей среды не может быть всегда положи­тельным.

8.  Образуйте имена существительные от следующих глаголов:

То interpret, to know, to apply, to assume, to pollute, to consider, to recognize, to combine, to evaluate, to assess, to value, to represent, to attach, to provide, to achieve, to depend, to treat, to improve, to assess, to pollute.

9.  Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:

1. Requires, process, the, of, use, resources, remediation, natural.

2. Awareness, been, a, has, achieved, growing. 3. Multifunctionality, aimed, at, are, measures, these. 4. Computed, yearly, are, costs.

5. Clean-up, of, operations, Merit, the, based, are, evaluation, an, on, Environmental, Index. 6. Through, interviews, assessed, weights, are.

7. Approaches, some, are, fundamental, there.

10.  Заполните пропуски предлогами:

1. The overall environmental balance ... remediation may not be always positive. 2. The application ... remediation techniques may sig­nificantly cut costs, although leave many sites polluted ... a considerable time. .3. These factors are the negative side ... the remediation. 4. ... clean-up polluted soil is necessary. 5. Remediation expenditures do not offer any increase ... productivity.

11.  Задайте к каждому предложению максимальное число во­просов:

1. Soil pollution is a source of risk. 2. The presence of polluted ar­eas may delay some specific developments. 3. To eliminate the risk to a man is the ultimate aim of the operations. 4. One should assess reme­diation strategy. 5. Clean-up operations lead to a positive environmen­tal balance.

12.  Перепишите предложения, заменив модальные глаголы эк­вивалентами. Переведите их на русский язык:

1. Soil remediation can lead to a net transfer of contamination to other compartments. 2. The polluted areas must delay some specific developments. 3. Scientists can consider multifunctionality as the soil- related interpretation of sustainability. 4. This framework could show how to combine risk reduction. 5. In order to respond to the applica­tion need a more comprehensive evaluation framework must be consid­ered.

 

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