Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Town Planning

Aristotle is said to have defined a City as a “place where men live a common life for a noble end” which implies an end of the life or an implementation of the aim.

Unfortunately in the majority of cases the aim has been an uncon­scious one with the result that cities have grown in a haphazard man­ner, and many beautiful spots turned into an ugly accumulation of bricks and mortar.

A careful study of what wise town planning, the liberal provision of attractive amenities can do, and has already done for some of the cities of Europe will convince the greatest anti-town-planner of the wisdom of looking well ahead. It invariably happens that town planning is not thought of or put into operation until a certain amount of development has taken place.

A city attractive by its beauty, by its artistic symmetry and design and by the amenities and conveniences which it offers will gain a repu­tation and an individuality which not only its Council and its landown­ers, but also its citizens, may be proud.

What then should be the aim of every City? And to answer that question we are at once thrown back upon the question of what should be the individuality by which the City should be marked and known. Bacon says in his Essay of Gardens, that “God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures, it is the greatest refreshment to the spirit of men without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiwork”. Surely then the aim should be the one im­plied by the term “Garden City”, beautiful, well planted and finely laid out, known and characterized by the charm and amenities which it can offer to those who seek a residence or dwelling removed from the tur­moil, stress and discomforts of a manufacturing district.

The various system of planning which have been adopted in the past are rectangular, radial and circumferential; but the latest schemes for town planning are generally a combination of all three, which allows for the best fulfillment of town planning ideals.

and boulevards; open spaces, parks and recrea­tion grounds; tramways; civic centre.The problem then for the town planner is to consider his scheme in respect to the configuration and undulations of the site; direction of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards; the layout and construction of avenues The limitation of the number of houses per acre and height and identical character should be provided. Factories and works must also be placed in the special areas.

4.Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Crowd, wanton, irresponsible, intersect, congestion, horizon, cross, turmoil, noise, pavement, skyline, sidewalk.

5.Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:

Helpful, invariably, unconscious, horizon, ugly, helpless, variably, beautiful, wanton, skyline, responsible, conscious.

6.Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский;

Великий Архитектор Вселенной, привлекательные удобства, цель каждого города, ручная работа в чистом виде, вдали от сума­тохи, стресса и дискомфорта, сочетания лучших идей, неровности места (под застройку), кольцевые бульвары, план и строительство авеню, парки и места для отдыха, общественный центр, салон кра­соты, сильно загруженные улицы, устранить перенаселенность.

7.Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

1. Необходимо учитывать направление основных кольцевых бульваров. 2. Город привлекателен своей красотой. 3. Всемогу­щий Бог первым долгом посадил сад. 4. Город должен быть хоро­шо спланирован. 5. В крупных городах существуют прямоуголь­ная, радиальная и кольцевая системы планирования. 6. Место для отдыха и парков должно учитываться при планировании го­рода. 7. Фабрики и заводы должны размещаться в особых зонах. 8. В центре старинных городов необходимо предотвращать скоп­ление машин.

8.Образуйте имена прилагательные от следующих слов:

Vary, thank, wonder, beauty, power, help, use, situation, type, fi­nance.

9.Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обра­щая внимание на функции инфинитива:

1. It is difficult to estimate future demands. 2. Each route should be linked up one with the other to form easy and suitable means of transit from every part of the city. 3. By carefully planning it can generally be arranged to place a church, a public building, or artistically designed residence to break the monotony of long streets. 4. In order to obviate overcrowding it is essential to limit a number of houses per acre. 5. Land use planner must study all subjects to know his speciality well. 6. To become a good specialist is very important. 7. These are the land use planners to place new parks and recreational grounds.

10.Заполните пропуски предлогами:

1. People’s Parks are universally provided ... the Continent. 2. The secondary business avenues should have sidewalks ... a minimum width … 10 feet. 3. All sewer, water, electric and other mains are made ...underground conduits. 4. A city is attractive ... its beauty. 5. ... planning the future growth ... existing and new cities one can avoid the enormous expense occasioned ... the lack ... planning.

11.Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. People’s Parks are universally provided on the Continent. 2. The traffic is inconvenienced by opening for repairs. 3. Factories and works should be placed in special areas. 4. The whole system of public utilities will ultimately become parts of a completed whole. 5. The circumferential routes connect the various parks and open spaces, streets and avenues, squares and boulevards.

12.Преобразуйте предложения, изменив форму глаголов-сказу­емых из действительного залога в страдательный:

1. The regulation respects the most important parts of a town plan­ning system. 2. Centres fix shops, schools, churches, etc. 3. A land use planner makes different schemes for proper use of land. 4. God Al­mighty first planted a garden. 5. The circumferential route connects the various parks and open spaces, streets and avenues.

13.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. How did Aristotle define a City? 2. Have cities grown up in a haphazard manner in the majority of cases? 3. What is a city attractive by? 4. What is the aim of every city? 5. What systems of city planning can you name? 6. Should the town planner consider direction of main radial and circumferential avenues? 7. Must the limitation of the number of houses per acre be provided? 8. Where should factories and works be placed?

 

Практическая работа №12.

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Urban, bureaucratic, engage, assume, permit, accommodate, buying out, relocating, subordinate, transfer, consistently, envision, guide, in­sure, relationship, inconsistent, self-government, borrow.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие слово­сочетания:

Russian Code, technical process, bureaucratic organization, manda­tory “expertization”, issues to be treated in sub-legislation, the spatial plan, density of settlement, land relation, a great variety of ways, broad principles of public participation, soil contamination, immovable and movable items, mortgage financing system, criminal violations.

3.  Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Planning Process Description in the Laws

The Russian Code spends most of its details on the technical proc­esses of creating plans and urban development documentation. Detail is included which is intended to guide the bureaucratic organizations and the planning institutes and professionals in the ways in which they should go about creating plans. This includes descriptions of the con­tent of the mandatory section plans, interrelation of the urban develop­ment plans with other actions of governmental authorities as well as the processes of mandatory “expertization”. Similarly, there are great de­tails in describing the tasks and powers of bureaucratic units.

In contrast the “western” laws contain very little detail about the technical methods by which plans are to be compiled and the specific authority of bureaucratic units to engage in tasks related to the planning work. It is assumed that these are technical and managerial issues to be treated in sub-legislation and worked out by the senior managers of the governmental administration.

A strong example of these differences can be seen in the way the laws describe the municipal general plan. This is a common feature of all the laws and, in general terms the plans all have the same purpose.

They link a spatial plan with a plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs.

The spatial plan describes the best pattern of land uses from the standpoint of land capacity, density of settlement and good urban de­sign. But the plan of infrastructure, transport and public facility needs is based on an estimation of
economic calculations and efficient system design and functioning.

Despite the differences, however, the planning and urban develop­ment laws of the “western” countries reflect similar concepts of law- drafting and the structure of legislation. These can be characterized in the following ways:

-  the laws (as opposed to the sub-legislation and local regulation) accomplish two primary purposes: (1) they authorize or mandate the pertinent government administrations to engage in planning and land use regulation; (2) they define the status of these government actions in relation to the legal rights and responsibilities of landowners and land users, individuals and juridical entities and citizens generally;

-  the laws assume that the predominant form of landholding in ur­ban area is private ownership and that most actions, which result in new development or redevelopment, are civil law/market transactions. The plans and regulations are intended to guide these private actions, and the state and municipal investments in infrastructure and public facili­ties are to support them. Except in the special case of redeveloping obsolete areas, government actions are not intended to replace private actions to determine how and when to invest in the use and develop­ment of specific parcels of land;

-  the laws do not define the specific methodologies for planning or fix the content of plans, except with respect to broad categories of sub­ject matter. These are technical issues, which the experts, local officials and citizens will work out. The laws anticipate that there will be disa­greements; therefore, they provide procedures for coordination, media­tion and public participation. The laws are not used to give one group of experts control over the planning process, excluding others;

-  the laws are not intended to fix the power relationship among sub­units of the government administrations. These are management issues. The responsibilities to carry out planning and regulatory tasks are given to the chief executor (governor, mayor) or to one or more ministers. They have the responsibility to organize (or reorganize) the subordinate units to accomplish the tasks most efficiently.

4.  Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Responsibilities, hinder, accumulate, income, revenue, pertinent,

worth, available, obligations, discourage, dignity, collateral, secondary, compile.

5.  Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицатель­ных префиксов:

in-:expensive, convenience, consistent, accessible;

dis-: agree, comfort, vantage, agreement;

un-: changeable, questioned, repeatable, seasonable, satisfactorily, shadowed, transportable, touchable.

6.  Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Описанный в Российских законах процесс, взаимосвязь пла­нов городского развития, технические и управленческие во­просы, правительственная администрация, правовые и финансо­вые трудности, разрабатывать крупномасштабные территориаль­ные планы, последующий ущерб, технический и государствен­ный обзор.

7.  Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

1. Чтобы регулировать городское развитие, Соединенные Шта­ты Америки приняли соответствующие законы. 2. Французский Кодекс опубликован в трех частях. 3. Говорят, земля является частью окружающей среды. 4. Законы Российской Федерации и западных стран сильно отличаются. 5. Необходимо страховать не­движимость. 6. Пространственные планы показывают лучшие мо­дели землепользования. 7. Подзаконные акты только что разрабо­таны Думой. 8. Документация по городскому развитию постоянно регулируется Российским кодексом.

8.  Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обра­щая внимание на инфинитивные обороты:

1. We expect them to do this work. 2. I want you to work hard.

3. We saw them work at urban development plan. 4. I know these laws to be applied the next year by all means.

9.  Образуйте однокоренные слова от следующих прилагатель­ных:

Local, different, constant, independent, confident, competent, evi­dent, permanent, reliable, desirable, descriptive, valuable.

10.  Заполните пропуски предлогами:

The United States ... America have adopted laws ... regulate urban development. 2. It’s important ... coordinate the expansion ... urban territories. 3. Government administration elaborates schemes ... major transport systems. 4. ... contrast the “western” laws contain very little detail ... the technical methods. 5. Generally ... the “western” countries the systems ... private ownership and other civil law rights ... land and real property have been functioning ... over a century.

11.  Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. The City general plan is defined by the law. 2. The Russian Code spends most of its detail on urban development documentation. 3. In the “western” countries the systems of private ownership have been functioning for over a century. 4. The structure is done deliberately.

5. In order to make them work in reality, the law also must deal with the financial aspects of planning and urban development.

12.  Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внима­ние на сложное определение (именительный падеж с инфинити­вом):

1. Aristotle is said to have defined a City “as a place where men live a common life for a noble end”. 2. It’s difficult to prognose which laws is likely to prove the most efficient. 3. Systems of planning and regula­tion definition is said to be necessary for urban development purposes.

4. Every green plant is considered to be a “factory”. 5. The legislation proved to be useful. 6. He is said to work at the Ministry. 7. This prob­lem is unlikely to be decided quickly. 8. He is Supposed to have gore to virgin lands. 9. The work proved to be useful. 10. This plan is consid­ered to be successfull.

13.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Does the Russian Code spend most of its details on urban development documentation? 2. What does the spatial plan describe?

3. Is the plan of infrastructure based on an estimation of economic calculations? 4. Can French five-year moratorium work unless the municipality is able to borrowthe capital funds? 5. Wbat requires consideration of the economic impact on private owners? 6. Have private property rights fully defined in the law? 7. Is it necessary to elaborate large area territorial plans and schemes? 8. Is there need for the Russian Federation to copy the “western” laws on urban development?

 

 

Практическая работа №13.

 

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Single, frequently, adversely, commodity, social, allocation, portfo­lio, sharecropping, rationale, sophistication, particularly, globalization, performance, commodification, harmonization, accounting, expect, re­duce.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие слово­сочетания:

Wide range of activities, to encourage certain uses, potential inter­ventions, land taxation system, sound arguments, access to informa­tion, the general trend, a constantly developing portfolio, transaction types, formal registration institutions, third party interest, the general rationale, level of sophistication, increasing demands for harmoniza­tion.

---

Дата добавления: 2020-04-25; просмотров: 1265; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

Поделиться с друзьями:

---

---

Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!