Прочитайте и переведите текст:
Land Market
Land markets provide a mechanism for the allocation of ownership and use rights that is typically for the most valuable single class of asset in an economy. At the same time land use and sometimes land ownership have influences on other aspects of society’s economic and noneconomic interests. The general trend towards market economies, for example, often adversely affects men who do not get equal opportunities to use land and property as a commodity. There is therefore a need for regulations based on environment, social, cultural and political considerations that provide a framework for the activities of the land market.
Land markets are made up of a constantly developing portfolio of legal interests and transaction types. This portfolio of transaction types includes sale, rental, sharecropping, and licenses, together with associated derivative transactions including mortgages and mortgage markets, and other real estate interests. Some of these transaction types are typically registrable in those jurisdictions that have formal registration institutions, including sales, mortgages, some leases, and some third party interests. Many are not, including particularly those “less” formal interests such as shorter term of leases or rental agreements, sharecropping agreements and licenses, derivative interests operating “upstream” of the registrable interests such as secondary mortgage market, and some customary rights.
The general rationale for land markets is that, under appropriate institutional frameworks, they will tend systematically to move land towards the most economically efficient ownership and use. This is broadly accepted as a desirable function, particularly given that land is typically the most valuable single class of asset in an economy.
4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:
Enhance, assistance, commodity, goods, community, construct, build, increase, help, society, adverse, harmful.
5. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:
Ineligible, cheap, faulty, hinder, eligible, expensive, true, encourage, beneficiaries, disadvantages.
6. Образуйте антонимы от следующих слов, используя нужные префиксы:
Increase, centralized, pleasure, moralize, tie, told, published, translatable, true, shadowed, trained.
7. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
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Ключевые требования, более точная оценка, финансовый сервис, уровень фальсификации, рыночные товары, отоваривание земли, повышающаяся стоимость земельного имущества, возможности вложения.
8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:
1. Существует несколько ключевых требований для правильного функционирования рынка. 2. Земельная регистрация подводит фундамент к более эффективным операциям земельного рынка.
3. Земельный рынок регулируется двумя основными механизмами. 4. Земельные рынки состоят из постоянно развивающихся пакетов документов по законным интересам людей. 5. Землепользование оказывает влияние на разные аспекты экономических и неэкономических интересов общества.
9. Образуйте 3 формы следующих глаголов:
То experience, to associate, to come, to omit, to purchase, to undergo, to tend, to add, to make, to drive, to contribute, to give, to attach, to reduce, to provide, to encourage
10. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:
1. Provides, system, guarantee, the, appropriate, an. 2. Of, markets, made up, constantly, portfolio, a, developing, land, are. 3. Transaction, these, registrable, types, are. 4. Of, important, commodification, is, factor, land, an. 5. Requirements, are, key, several, there.
11. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции причастия прошедшего времени:
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1. Land use and land ownership have influenced different assets of society’s economic and non-economic interests. 2. With the established fact of capital markets globalization, the capacity of land commodification is an important factor. 3. The most basic key requirement includes an appropriate legal framework aimed at minimizing risk of ownership.
4. The provision of related information underpins the more official operation of the land market by 2 main mechanisms. 5. Simplifying the legal procedures could be expected to increase the value of registered land. 6. Contributing factors were grouped into locational, physical and sales characteristics associated with specific properties in the area.
7. Land markets are made up of a constantly developing portfolio of legal interests and transaction types.
12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What does land market provide? 2. Is there a need for environmental, social, cultural and political relations? 3. What are land markets made up of? 4. What does the portfolio of transaction types include? 5. Are transactions in land typically related to the economy?
6. Are lands marketable commodities? 7. What key requirements for a property functioning market do you know?
Практическая работа №14
1. Прочитайте следующие слова:
Participation, background, majorants, contravention, scarcity, patterns, unique, existence, irretrievability, regulation, encumbrances, improvement, stipulate, restrict, disproportionate, injury, assigning, uninhabited.
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:
То overcome the contravention, historical background, the relations of landownership, mankind’s existence, property agreements, acting encumbrances, a part of the income, by virtue of, plants of investments, without disproportionate injury, usual business turnover, legislative de- terminacy, installation of rules, civil rights.
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
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Basic Compound of Any Real Estate
In historical background of the relation to property, as majorants of economic type of the society, it has undergone repeated modifications stipulated by the desire to overcome the contravention between scarcity of resources, involved in production, and increasing human needs. In searching paths of maximizing productive forces effectiveness the society has periodically transformed patterns of ownership on factors of production and mechanism of a state participation in the government of economy.
The relations of landownership have always been the central part of social and economic relations.
The Earth represents the unique natural resource. It is a unique place of mankind’s existence, main factor of creation of its productive forces which help to create all other products and goods. Scarcity and the irretrievability of this resource results in objective necessity of public regulating of the laws and conditions of land use.
At the same time, in market economy the land acquires the form of goods and can be a subject to the property agreements, the result of which can restrain interests of other people and societies as a whole. Therefore introduction of the market relations shows heightened demands to a system of the state registration of land lots, control over their legal status and acting encumbrances, turnover of land and its rational usage.
It means, that a part of the income, which is capable to generate the land lot by virtue of the location, natural properties and possible improvements which are not stipulated by economic activity of the holder itself, can serve as a source of public needs sufficing and be deducted as rental paying. It in turn requires the monitoring of cost characteristics of land lots as factors of production and plants of investment.
And, at last, land is a basic compound of any real estate. According to article 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation we refer to real things (real property, real estate), land lots, sites of subsoil, isolated aquatic plants and everything, that is strongly linked to ground, i.e. plants, which can not be removed without disproportionate injury to their assigning, including forests, long-term green plants, buildings.
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4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:
Scarcity, suffice, satisfy, encumbrances, by virtue of, through, proportion, discourages, part, increase, enhance, deficit.
5. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:
Retrievable, easy, different, useless, irretrievable, difficult, helpful, the same, appropriate, inhabited, directly, inappropriate, indirectly, uninhabited.
6. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов:
То pay, to agree, to distribute, to establish, to invest, to reduce, to improve, to perform, to employ, to produce, to relate, to exist, to use, to legislate.
7. Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:
Гражданское право, законодательное определение правил, вторичные объекты недвижимости, историческое обоснование, не- восстанавливаемость ресурсов, действующие препятствия, оплата ренты, непропорциональное нанесение вреда, многолетние зеленые насаждения.
8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:
1. Экономическая деятельность человека стимулируется законом. 2. Необходимо исследовать пути максимизации производственных сил. 3. Земля представляет собой уникальный природный ресурс. 4. Закон должен регулировать рациональное использование ресурсов. 5. Земля — уникальное место для существования человека.
9. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:
1. Resources, regulated, of, rational, must, use, be, the, by, law.
2. Represents, the, natural, the, unique, Earth, resource. 3. Is, a, land, estate, basic, real, any, of, compound. 4. Underwent, to, the, modifications, repeated, property, relation. 5. Registration, to, rights, the, belong, state.
10. Заполните пропуски предлогами:
1. Different elements describe concept ... landownership. 2. The real estate is defined ... forms ... the landownership. 3. According ... world practice the concept ... the landownership should be considered as a complex ... the land and property rights. 4. The land is a substance ... the real estate. 5. ... the foreign practice the list ... authorities concerning land includes 8 elements.
11. Задайте к каждому предложению максимальное количество вопросов:
1. Rental paying requires the monitoring cost characteristics. 2. Real estates are strongly fallen into different groups. 3. A possibility of selection depends upon its assigning. 4. Legislative determinacy allows to make conclusion of relation between different objects. 5. The relation of property underwent repeated modifications.
12. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот:
1. A new legislation has been enforced, specialists must take it into consideration. 2. My parents living in the village, I sent them a great amount of books and magazines. 3. Living far, I seldom see him. 4. The building material having come, they began to build a new cottage.
5. Real estates being of great importance, people buy them.
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Практическая работа №15
1. Прочитайте следующие слова:
Disturbed, ugliness, wildlife, beyond, purifying, widespread, endangering, associated, mean, significantly, jointly, wealthiest, emission, ozone, controversy, gully, splash, nuisance.
2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:
Widespread cries, gully erosion, chemicals and fertilizers, industry waters, great publicity, trust and support, ugliness of billboards and trash, strict pollution control, considerable improvement, wildlife reservation, beyond the concern of a single country, sheet and rill erosion, raindrop splash, the burning of fuels.
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