Task 2. Answer the questions according to the reading passage.
Alcohol and women infertility
Alcohol consumption may be linked to a women's risk of infertility, say researches supported by the National Institute of Child Health. In a study of nearly 6,000 women, researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health looked at Data from those evaluated at seven infertility clinics. After adjusting for other factors that could affect results, such as age and cigarette smoking, researchers found a strong association between alcohol (more than the equivalent of seven cans of beer a week) and infertility due to ovulation problems. The inability to conceive was about 30 percent more likely to occur in women who drank moderately and about 60 percent more likely in women who drank heavily.
1. The researchers supported by the National Institute of Child Health…
a) took care of women who're suffering from alcohol;
b) have spent a lot of money on fertility;
c) have been victims of infertility;
d) said alcohol may affect women's fertility;
e) have also worked for Harvard University.
2. According to the passage, one can assume that women who are infertile,…
a) possibly drink more than seven cans of beer a week;
b) are students at Harvard university;
c) smoked a lot of cigarettes when they were very young;
d) used to go hospitals because of serious problems;
e) really don't like babies and some of them hate babies.
3. The passage tells us that…
a) smoking is not as harmful as alcohol;
b) a lot of researches have been done on smoking;
c) we are unaware of the side-effects of infertility;
d) beer is also a kind of alcohol;
e) women who drink heavily have the risk of infertility.
Task 3. Complete the text with the right option.
HIV breakthrough
Scientists believe that they have made a …1… breakthrough in fighting HIV – they have shown what happens when an infection-fighting antibody attacks a …2… in HIV's …3… defences. Finding a vaccine against HIV has been very difficult because the proteins on the surface of the virus are continually mutating, but they have shown an antibody, called b12, attacking a weak spot of the virus where the protein is …4… . The virus is able to …5… rapidly to avoid …6… by the immune system, and is also covered in sugary molecules which block access by antibodies. …7…, certain parts of the virus must remain …8… unchanged so that it can catch hold of and enter human cells. One protein that sticks out from the surface of the virus and binds to receptors on host cells is one such region, which makes it a target for vaccine development.
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Previous analyses of the …9… of people that have been able to keep HIV from developing into AIDS for long periods of time …10… revealed a …11… group of antibodies – including b12 – that seem to fight HIV with some degree of …12… . The latest study showed how the antibody and …13… protein interact. Scientists hope that revealing the …14… of this bond in such …15… detail will provide clues about how best to attack HIV.
| 1. | majority | major | solution | final |
| 2. | gap | space | line | shape |
| 3. | consider | considerate | considerably | considerable |
| 4. | stable | instability | unstable | stability |
| 5. | mutation | mutant | mutate | mutating |
| 6. | detective | detect | detecting | detection |
| 7. | Though | However | Also | Even though |
| 8. | relatively | relative | relatives | relation |
| 9. | bleed | bleeding | blood | bloody |
| 10. | was | has | have | were |
| 11. | seldom | rare | rarely | occasional |
| 12. | succeed | successful | successfully | success |
| 13. | a | the | these | – |
| 14. | stricture | structure | blueprint | plan |
| 15. | precise | precision | exacting | quite |
Variant 3
Task 1. Read the text and choose right answer.
Percy Wacker
In Great Britain, in 2001 Percy Wacker, a 33-year-old truck driver from the Netherlands was sentenced to fourteen years in prison for manslaughter. He had been found guilty of killing 58 Chinese migrants who had suffocated in the back of his truck on June 18, 2000. At the same time as Percy was sentenced to prison, Ying Guo, a thirty-year-old translator living in England was sentenced to six years in jail. She was going to help the migrants after they arrived in England.
Percy and Ying Guo were working for a gang of "people smugglers" in Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The leader of the gang was Gurzel Ozcan from Turkey. He and seven other members of the gang were arrested in the Netherlands. They were also charged with manslaughter.
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Percy was going to get about US$35,000 for driving the truck from Rotterdam to Zeebrugge in Belgium and then taking it across to England on a ferry. It was a very hot day, but even so, when he got to Zeebrugge, Percy closed the air vent on the side of the truck's trailer so no one would hear the people inside. The vent was the only opening; when it was closed, no fresh air could get inside the trailer.
While the ferry crossed the English Channel, Percy ate a meal. Then he entertained himself by watching something.
While he was enjoying himself, the people inside the trailer got hotter and hotter. First they took off their clothes. Then they started drinking water to try to stay cool. When they had finished all their water, they started to eat tomatoes to get moisture. (A large load of tomatoes had been put in the back of the trailer to hide the people.)
As time passed, the oxygen began to run out and the trailer slowly filled up with poisonous carbon dioxide. The people inside began to find it difficult to breathe. They realized that if they couldn't get fresh air quickly, they were going to die. The ones who still had enough strength began to make noise by hitting the side of the trailer and shouting. Others just sat down and held hands and waited.
When the ferry arrived in Dover, only two of the sixty people in the trailer were still alive. While the customs officials were opening the door, Percy stood calmly behind them patting the head of a sniffer dog. When they opened the door at the back of the trailer, the first thing the officials noticed was the great heat inside. Then they saw what one of them later described as a "sea of bodies".
The two survivors were allowed to stay in Great Britain for two years.
information from: The Guardian Weekly, Paul Kelso
1. When they died, the people inside Percy's truck were on their way…
a) from Belgium to the Netherlands;
b) from China to Belgium;
c) from Belgium to England;
d) from Turkey to England.
2. When the customs officials were opening the truck doors, Percy was…
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a) sweating heavily;
b) telling them they were wasting their time;
c) eating a meal;
d) patting a dog on the head.
3. After they finished their water, the people on the truck tried to get more moisture…
a) by eating apples;
b) by eating tomatoes;
c) by breathing air through the air vent;
d) by taking off their clothes.
4. While the people on his truck were dying, Percy…
a) was whistling a popular tune;
b) drank beer;
c) played slot machines;
d) watched videos.
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