The Noun: the Problem of Case.
Case – morphological-syntactical category (only in the speech pattern, in context), manifested in the forms of noun declension and showing relations of the noun to other words of speech.
Case is one of those categories which show the close connection (a) between language and speech, (b) between morphology and syntax.
The nouns (though not all of them (book, news)) have two cases: the common case and the genitive case («s» to the stem of singular or apostrophe «'» – to the plural stem.
The English common case will be found in contexts similar to those in which in Russian there will be the different cases: nominative, dative …
The genitive case is very much restricted in its meaning and application. As a rule, it will be formed from concrete nouns denoting living beings (persons or animals).
The Genitive case is also sometimes formed from inanimate nouns, especially the following:
· The nouns world, country, nation, city, town, socity…
· Nouns – names of countries, cities, towns
· Nouns denoting time or distance ( today’s newspaper)
· Nouns denoting planets.
Genitive Case:
· Possessive genitive: Ms. Johnson’s passport.
· Subjective genitive: the people’s choice
· Genitive of source: Australia’s export
· Objective genitive: Kennedy’s assassination
· Temporal genitive: ten day’s absence
· Genitive of distance: a women’s college
Nouns used in genitive:
1. Personal names: George Washington’s statue
2. Personal nouns: the boy’s new bicycle
3. Animal nouns: the dog’s collar
4. Collective nouns: the committee’s decision
5. Geographical names: Europe’s future
6. Locative nouns: the world’s economy
7. Temporal nouns: a day’s work
8. Nouns of special relevance to human activity: the mind’s development
Gender – lexical-semantic category (you can state only with lexical meaning of the word).
Boy-girl, bull-cow, king-queen
Derivation: actor-actress, god-goddess, hero-heroine
Compounds: postmaster- postmistress, boyfriend-girlfriend
Dual gender: artist, teacher, speaker
Traditional Gender :
Masculine: war, death, dog
Feminine: car, Earth, door, furniture
Verb General. Semantic Classification.
· Lexical-grammatical meaning of action, process, changing state.
· Typical elements suf.: -ize, -enify
pref.: re, over, mis, sub
· 7(8) grammar categories
· Predicative function
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· Combine with nouns
The English verb has two sets of forms: the finite forms and the non-finite forms (verbals): the infinitive, the gerund and the participle.
In accordance with the volume of their lexical meaning the verbs may be subdivided into:
1. Notional (those having an independent lexical meaning)
2. Semi-notional (those having very general lexical meaning, which needs specification in the context: modal (attitude- I can…), aspective(Stop… Go on..), link verbs (describe the changing of the state- getting warm).)
3. Auxiliary (be, have, will, shall)
The majority of EV are notional verbs. Thy may denote activity (read, speak, go) or they may denote physical or mental prescription, feelings, emotions (see, hear, feel).
The finite forms of the verb have seven grammatical categories* (Резник)
· Person (first, second, third)
· Number (singular, plural)
· Aspect (continuous or common)
· Tense (present, past or future)
· Order (perfect or non-perfect)
· Voice (active-passive)
· Mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive)
To express the grammatical categories the verb uses synthetic or analytical forms.
Synthetic forms mainly employ endings – I write. He writes
Analytical – with the help of auxiliary verbs. Shall, to be, to have.
Verb Semantic Classification
| Type of activity | |
| Dynamic/ Active (run, jump) | Stative/ Static (love) |
| Action characterization (отношение действия к внутреннему пределу) | |
| Terminative (we have limits) открываю окно ( быстро ) | Non-terminative жду(долго) |
| Syntactic quality | |
| Transitive – run | Intransitive – run a shop |
Valency – (chemistry) any verbs can be viewed as a item. (I protect you of smth/ 3 valency)
Verbs (Bloch)
· Complementive: predicative, adverbial, objective: monocomplemetive, bicimplemetive
· Uncomplementive: personal, impersonal (rain)
Verbals/ Non-finite verbs
· Share the properties of verbs and names
· Do not differ lexically from finite verbs
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· Lack the grammatical categories of tense, mood, person, number (have no category of tense, the can not fulfill the function of the predicate).
· May take an object or an adverbial
· Take syntactic functions of names
· Never form a predicate by themselves, only a predicative
Participle – a non-finite form possessing verbal and adj. or adv. features. (описывает)
Gerund – a non-finite form, possessing verbal and nominal properties. (называет)
Infinitive – a non-finite form possessing verbal and nominal properties.
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