The Secondary Parts of the Sentence
The secondary parts of the sentence are the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier.
THE OBJECT
It completes or limits the meaning of a verb or an adjective.
There are different kinds of objects in English:
1. direct. It is used after transitive verbs.
e.g. I see her every day. He entered the room.
2. indirect. It denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed. It is used with the intransitive verbs and is hardly used without a direct object. The indirect object comes before the direct object in a sentence.
e.g. She gave me books. I showed him a picture.
3. prepositional. It is used most with intransitive verbs, adjectives, words denoting a category of state and is joined to them with the preposition.
e.g. I’m angry with you. Thank you for your kindness.
Exercise 5. Point out direct, indirect and prepositional objects and say what they are expressed by.
NOTE. Remember that the indirect object can hardly ever be used without the direct object.
MODELS: Give me (indirect) your address (direct). I must read it (direct) to you (indirect). He came with his friend (prepositional).
1. Give me a knife and a small spoon, please.
2. It is raining, you must give her your umbrella.
3. Tell us your story.
4. Tell it to him, too.
5. I know nothing about it.
6. Show me your room.
7. I want to buy a doll for my little sister.
8. I haven’t seen the children today.
9. Help me, please.
10. See me tomorrow.
11. You’ll forget him.
12. She writes letters to her cousins.
Exercise 6. Point out the objects and say what kind they are:
1. Give me a match, please.
2. Put all possible questions to this sentence.
3. Will you pass me the sugar?
4. I addressed her twice before she answered me.
5. He handed the letter to his wife.
6. I need a book with pictures for my little daughter.
7. Everybody listened to him with interest.
8. Peggy opened a little door and showed me my bedroom.
9. We are sorry for him.
10. He stopped and shook hands with me.
11. She put the kettle on the fire.
12. We looked for the boy everywhere.
THE ATTRIBUTE
It qualifies a noun, a pronoun or any other part of speech that has a nominal character.
The attribute may be expressed by:
1. an adjective
e.g. This big girl is very lazy.
2. a participle
e.g. It is only a passing shower.
3. a pronoun
e.g. His eyes were blue.
4. a numeral
e.g. The second answer was better.
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5. a noun in the possessive case
e.g. My brother’s flat is large.
Exercise 7. Point out the attribute and say what it is expressed by:
NOTE. An attribute may stand before and after the noun. Remember that an attribute to a pronoun always follows it.
1. Ansell gave an angry sigh.
2. I hear Mary’s voice in the next room.
3. I looked at her smiling face.
4. He is a walking grammar book.
5. Toby is a good clever boy.
6. The cover of this book is blue.
7. The streets of Moscow are wide.
8. I like all Moscow theatres.
9. Tell me something interesting.
10. I don’t see anything difficult in it.
11. Give me a better pencil, please.
12. This woman has two children.
When there are two or more adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the following order:
| Determiner | a/an/that/his/Mary’s |
| Opinion/Quality/Subjective Common | fantastic |
| Size | large |
| Age | modern |
| Shape | round |
| Colour | dark blue |
| Nationality/Origin | English |
| Material | oak |
| Compound Element/Purpose | dining |
| Noun | table |
Exercise 8. Work with a partner. Write each adjective in the correct column of the table.
| Opinion/ Quality/ Subjective Common mmon | Size | Age | Shape | Colour | Origin/ Nationality | Material | Purpose/ Compound Element | |||||
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| Korean | ugly | orange | wool | American | dancing | |||||||
| oval | plastic | unusual | modern | teenage | Omani | |||||||
| little | cheap | metal | small | huge | hiking | |||||||
| pretty | Brazilian | antique | green | medical | wonderful | |||||||
| funny | fashionable | silk | rectangular | nice | ceramic | |||||||
| lovely | uncomfortable | enormous | common | elderly | ancient | |||||||
| glass | brown | wedding | cotton | writing | elegant | |||||||
| tasty | big | traditional | friendly | racing | triangular | |||||||
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Exercise 9. Arrange the attributes in the right order:
1. an unusual ring ( gold)
2. a modern house (attractive)
3. an American film (old)
4. a large nose ( red)
5. a sunny day (lovely)
6. an ugly dress (orange)
7. a red car (old, little)
8. a metal box ( black, small)
9. a long face (thin)
10. a wide avenue (long)
11. a big cat ( fat, black)
12. a little village ( old, lovely)
13. long hair ( fair, beautiful)
14. an old painting (interesting, French)
15. a beautiful table ( wooden, round)
16. hair (curly, long, dark)
17. curtains ( silk, old, faded)
18. wallpaper (grey, expensive, foreign made)
19. a bear (plush, brown, huge)
20. shrubbery ( green, lush)
21. a lady (charming, young)
22. a creature (old, ugly)
23. a device (plastic, small)
24. a dress ( velvet, black, simple)
25. a town (little, sleepy)
26. a boy (tall, handsome)
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