Lost generation. E. Hemingway, S. Fitzgerald
Jazz Age. after World War I there emerged both in GB and in the USA (as well as in France and Germany)a group of writers -"the lost generation" . These writers as well as their personages had all passed through the horrors of the war which they had entered with somewhat naive and optimistic illusions, concerning the war's nature and their own mission. Having faced the reality of the war, the soldiers -writers lost their pre - war ideals and illusions. Many of the characters in the books of "the lost generation" lost their lives or returned crippled from the trenches (фронт), either physically or morally, spiritually or both they found it next to utterly impossible to adjust themselves to the post - war mode of life. So they felt themselves alien among those who had not experienced the war.Among the most prominent representatives of "the lost generation" are:
Richard Aldington "Death of a Hero "English "lost generation";Ernest Hemingway " A Farewell to Arms" - a novel, Francis Scott Fitzgerald "The Great G a t s b у " ("Великий Гэтсби") American "lostgeneration";
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation lose hope and faith. His straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, and his predilection for understatement are particularly effective in his short stories Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald the 20s with their industrial boost (рост, увеличение) also saw the great upheaval of the moods of the people, their desire to compensate for the austerity & deprivations of the war years. life is a tragic example of both sides of the American Dream - the joys of young love, wealth and success, and the tragedies associated with excess and failure. was one of the most autobiographical of writers, to transform his own experience into fiction. Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby in France, where he and his wife and daughter were to spend most of the last half of the 1920s. The novel bears almost no resemblance in form to those that had come before. In Jay Gatsby, nee James Gatz, Fitzgerald created far more than just another Amory Blaine seeking his fortune in the world, for in his misguided romantic way Gatsby stands for a deeper malaise in the culture 
a sickness that drives young men to think that riches can obliterate the past and capture the hearts of the girls of their dreams. Gatsby's greatness lies in his capacity for illusion.
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Realism of the 20cent. J Galsworthy, G.Greene
Features of Critical Realistic Writings: 1) The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. 2) The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. 3)Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality.4) The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel.John Galsworthy came from the upper middle class and it was this class (rich bourgeoisie) and their life that constituted the theme of all his novels. His major works are the three trilogies:1) "The Forsyte Saga" "The Man of Property" "In Chancery" "То Let" with two interludes -"Indian Summer of a Forsyte" "Awakening" 2) "A Modern Comedy";3) "End ofthe Chapter" The trilogies are often autobiog. Yet his attitude to the class he depicted is contradictory: he showed all its vices (overwhelming desire of having property, passion for money), he was sure that it was the upper middle class that was the backbone of English society. Galsworthy was sorry when it degradated and disappeared.The Forsyte Saga gives a profound and true-to-life picture of the English bourgeois society during a period of forty years, beginning from the eighties of the 19th century up to the twenties of the 20th century.Graham Greene was a very prolific writer, novelist, short - story writer, playwright, publicist. He himself divided his novels into two groups: 1) "serious novels" -"The Quiet American" 2) "entertaining novels" -One of the most imp features of Greene's works is the extremely wide geography of his novels (Vietnam, Central and South Africa, Haiti, etc.). often "serious novels" contain some detective elements (which are not characteristic of very serious literature), while the "entertaining novels" raise serious social and political problems. He was interested in man's psychology, reaction to the events the character witnesses. Voluntarily most of his characters at the beginning of novels try to keep aloof from the political and social developments. They often stick to the principle - "I don't want to be involved". But as a rule they have to take sides, they are forced to do so. They make their choice, proceeding from what Greene called "the human factor-the decent, normal man's desire to be on the side of the oppressed
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15. Philosofical novel. W. Golding, I.Murdock Ph.novelwas another phenomenon of the 1950 - 60ss in Eng lit-re- the writers of this time dealt with various life situations from a purely philosophical point of view. They were less concerned with concrete realities, with the day-to-day problems, but they tried to understand the general laws of human development and human predicament.These writers were influenced by the philosophy of existentialism (the philosophy of human existence) - was first developed in the 19th century by the philosopher Kierkegaard, his followers Heidegger and later - Sartre ( Сартр ) and Camus ( Камю) world as absurd, uncognizable and chaotic. Human life is purposeless, for its final end is death. Man is a lonely, despairing individual, living in fear, dismay, anxiety. The relations between people are characterized by indifference, alienation, lack of understanding and true unity. The concept of "free choice" ("свобода выбора") is one of the key ones of the ex phil.man should try to live his life decently, he should not lose his self, he should have the right to act as he chooses but yet he should be responsible for his actions and his choice, because it affects not only his own destiny other people too.The works of phil writers have a sort of experimental char-r. They often put their char-s in hypothetical situations, which demand a lot of effort, thinking, serious consideration. So, fear of freedom and often fear о f d e a t h are also among the concepts of existentialists.
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Symbolism and allegory are the chief literary devices in the philosophical novel. The characters are rather archetypes is a pattern which is reproduced again and again in the course of civilization. Iris Murdoch ( Айрис Мердок ) (1919 - died recently);William Golding ( Уильям Голдинг ) (1911-1992). W. Golding (1911-93) Oxford, saved in the Navy at war, after it worked as a teacher. His war experience made him think about the nature of man and the future of mankind. he thinks the evil is in mans nature. His works are complicated, full of implication, where concrete pictures alternate with allegoric al images. “Lord of the Flies”(1954).
Iris Murdoch was born on July 15, 1919 in Dublin, Ireland to Anglo-Irish parents. She was an only child. Oxford College, she studied philosophy and classics, including Greek and Latin. After the war, she continued working for the government as an administrative officer with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in Belgium and Austria. While on the European continent, she came in contact with both Jean-Paul Sartre, the existentialist philosopher Murdoch was an amazingly prolific writer, producing in her lifetime 26 novels, 8 books of philosophy, and 8 plays. She was strongly influenced by philosophers like Plato, Freud, Weil and Sartre, and by the 19th century English and Russian novelists, especially Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, as well as Marcel Proust and Shakespeare. Her texts are frequently interspersed with philosophical commentary. Her novels often include upper middle class intellectual males caught in moral dilemmas, gay characters, Anglo-Catholics with crises of faith.
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16. Two gener-s of Amer. romant
In Amer Romanticism emerged 30 years later than in England.Writ-s stressed the gap between ideal and reality.Inspir-n to the folklore.Leading romanticists:Washington Irving,James Cooper, Edgar Poe,Nathaniel Hawthorne,Herman Melville.W.Irving introduced the genre of short story.Most have humor character.He was the1st to make use of Amer actualities,as well as Amer folklore.”A History of New York”,”Tales of traveler”,”Rop Van Vickle”.James Cooper was a son of a prosperious landholder in New York.He was a very prolific writer.His 1st novel was “Precaution”.Then he realized that the reality was diff from the ideal which he had drawn.He lived in poverty.His best known novels are”The Spy”,the penthalogy “Leather-Stocking tales”.Cooper was called an Amer Walter Scott.Edgar Poe was born in Boston in the family of actors.He lost his parents early.He was sent to the Military Academy.His foster father disinherited him.His life was full of poverty.He wrote stories,long stories,poems.He is the pioneer of intel detect story.”The Mistery of Mary Roger”,”The Pit and Pendulum”.
Critical real in Amer lit-re
The 1860 was a watershed in Amer hist(Civil War).Before lit-re was marked with optimism and idealism,while post war reality with its rapid industrializ-n. Writers dealt with The Americ Dream.The most prominent writers are:Mark Twain,Jack London,Theodore Driser.Mark Twain was born on the Missisipi River,state Missoury.He worked as a pilot.The 1st period of his lit work was connected with folklore.In the 2nd the number of fantastic or imaginary tales were written.”The advent of Tom Soyer”,”The adv of Hackelbery Finn”,”The Prince and the Pauper”.The 3d period was marked by his satiric attitude towards reality.In his short stories he exposed many vices of Amer life.Jack London was born in California.He was greately influenced by the socialist ideas.The real fame came when he published his collect-n of stories “Son of the wolf”.Also he wrote short stories and long short stories.
His 1st works were all based on his dram experience of the life in the north.His social works are also important.”The People of the Abys”,”Martin Eden”-an autobiographical novel.London’s psychological crisis.Theodore Dreiser was born in the state of Indiana.
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