Обзорные упражнения на модальные глаголы .
Упр.6.6.1. Прочитайте предложения. Определите функцию модального глагола, сопоставив букву предложения с номером соответствующей функции.
Например: a. She can dance but she can’t sing. a. – 8.
1- request; 2- offer; 3- intention; 4- strong obligation; 5- mild obligation; 6- prohibition; 7- no obligation; 8- ability; 9- permission; 10- certainty; 11- possibility.
a. Could you do something for me? I have a problem.
b. I think you should write and apologize.
c. What time do you have to start work?
d. She could read when she was three.
e. Will you lend me some money?
f. I’ll pay you back tomorrow.
g. Could I use your phone for a moment?
h. You must hold it very carefully. It’s very fragile.
i. You mustn’t drive if you’ve been drinking.
j. Give me your suitcase. I’ll take it to the car.
k. – Thank you, doctor. Shall I come in a week?
- Only if absolutely necessary.
l. They must have been arrived. Their car is in the drive.
m. They must be in bed.
n. They can’t be out at this time of night.
o. You can’t consult your neighbour at the exam.
Упр.6.6.2. Заполните пропуски, используя can , could , might , must , should, would и глагол в скобках. В некоторых предложениях следует использовать перфектный инфинитив. А в некоторых - отрицательную форму.
a. A I’m hungry.
B But you’ve just had lunch. You can’t be hungry already. (be)
b. A I haven’t seen our neighbours for ages.
B No’ They must have gone away. (go)
c. A What’s the weather like? Is it raining?
B Not at the moment but it ______________ later. (rain)
d. A Where has Julia gone?
B I’m not sure. She ___________ to the bank. (go)
e. A I didn’t see you at John’s party last week.
B No, I had to work that evening, so I ___________ .(go)
f. A I saw you at John’s party last week.
B No, you didn’t. You _____________ me. I didn’t go to John’s party. (see)
g. A When did you post the letter to Mary?
B This morning. So she ______________ it tomorrow. (get)
h. A When was the last time you saw Bill?
B Years ago. I _______________ him if I saw him now.(recognise)
i. A Did you hear the explosion?
B What explosion?
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A There was a loud explosion a few minutes ago. You ____________ it.(hear)
j. A We weren’t sure which way to go. In the end we turned right.
B You went the wrong way. You ___________ left.(turn)
Упр.6.6.3. Составьте предложения из слов в скобках.
a. Don’t phone Ann now. (she might / have / lunch)
She might be having lunch.
b. I ate too much. Now I feel sick. (I shouldn’t / eat / so much)
I shouldn’t have eaten so much.
c. I wonder why Tom didn’t phone me. (he must / forget)
d. Why did you go home so early? (you needn’t / go / home so early)
e. You’ve signed the contract. (it / can’t / change / now)
f. “What’s Linda doing?” “I’m not sure.” (she may / watch / television)
g. Ann was standing outside the cinema. (she must / wait / for somebody)
h. He was in prison at the time the crime was committed, so (he couldn’t / do / it)
i. Why weren’t you here earlier? (you ought / be / here earlier)
j. Why didn’t you ask me to help you? (I would / help / you)
k. I’m surprised nobody told you that the road was very dangerous. (you should / warn)
l. George was in a strange mood yesterday. (he might not / feel / very well)
Упр.6.6.4. Укажите буквой предложение, которое точнее передает смысл заданного предложения.
a. Nissan is to announce on Monday a further modest rise in jobs at its plant in the north east England city.
A The aim of Nissan is to announce on Monday a further modest increase in jobs at its plant.
B Nissan must announce on Monday a further modest rise in jobs at its plant.
C Nissan announced on Monday a further modest rise in jobs at its plant.
b. If the new investment project is to be adopted, it must be approved by the Board.
A No doubt the project has been approved by the Board.
B If the project is adopted it must be approved by the Board.
C For the project to be adopted it must be approved by the Board.
*Упр.6.6.5. Закончите второе предложение, выразив в прошедшем времени ту же мысль, что и в первом предложении. Имейте в виду, что в некоторых предложения следует использовать другой глагол.
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a. She can ski really well.
She _______ really well when she was five.
b. I can finish it by Friday but it won't be easy.
I __________ it by Friday but it wasn't be easy.
c. John can't live here. It's the wrong street.
Shakespeare ________ in that house. It wasn't built until 1840.
d. May I leave the room? I don't feel well.
I ______ the room because I didn't feel well.
d. I must check the oil before we leave.
I ______ check the oil before we left.
e. It must be raining. Everyone has their umbrella up.
It _______ . The ground is wet.
f. Thank you very much. You needn't give me a lift, but it's very kind.
You ________ me a lift, but it was very kind.
g. He needn't collect me from the station. I'll walk.
He ________ me from the station. I walked.
h. Why don't you take the exam? You might pass.
Why didn't you take the exam? You _______ .
i. He should stop smoking before it's too late.
He _______ stop smoking before it was too late.
j. I could visit you next Sunday.
I ________ you last Sunday. Why didn't you ask me?
k. There's the phone. It'll be Paul.
Did he have a deep voice? It ______ Paul.
l. He'll sit in the armchair for hours, staring into space.
He ___________ in the armchair for hours, staring into space.
m. Let's take the map. We may get lost.
I wonder where they are. They _______ .
*Упр.6.6.6. Заполните пропуски, используя will , won ’ t , must , can ’ t , should и нужную форму инфинитива глагола в скобках.
A. OK. Don’t worry about the phone. I’ll answer it. It _____(a) (be) David ringing me about tonight’s meeting.
“Hello. 37885.”
“Hello John. It’s David. I tried ringing you earlier, but I got no reply. You (b) ___________ (be) out.”
“I haven’t been out all morning. You (c) ____________ (get) the right number. Never mind. What’s about the meeting? How many people can we expect?”
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“There (d) ____________ (be) quite a few, judging by the number of enquiries we’ve been having. One thing’s worrying me. I haven’t heard from the speaker, Joan Bakewell. I’m sure she (e) __________ (forget), but it isn’t like her not to get in touch. Shall I give her a ring?”
“Not now, no. She (f) ___________ (teach). You’d better wait an hour or so.”
“I’ve bought twenty bottles of wine for the party afterwards. That (g) __________ (be) enough, don’t you think?”
“Yes, plenty. I’ll see you later, then. Bye.”
“Bye.”
B. “You (h) ___________ (be) very excited about your new book.”
“Yes, I am. It (i) ____________ (sell) quite well if the publishers’ research is accurate.”
“It (j) ____________ (take) you a long time to write.”
“About three years, yes.”
“What about your first book?”
“I’m not terribly sure, but it (k) ____________ (do) very well, because it hasn’t been reprinted, and the first print run was only five hundred copies.”
“Better luck with this one!”
“Thanks!”
C. “My bank statement says I’m overdrawn. There (l) __________ (be) some mistake. I (m) ______________ (get) through a whole month’s salary already!”
“We (n) ____________ (spend) too much money on the house lately.”
“But how come I’m overdrawn?”
“It (o) ____________ (be) the desk we bought. It was over eight hundred pounds.”
“How much have you got ?”
“About four hundred pounds.”
“Oh, well. That (p) _____ (get) us through to the end of the month if we’re careful.”
D. “Do you think Joey (q) ____________ (get) my letter yet?”
“She (r) ___________ (receive) it by now. I haven’t heard of any hold-ups with the post. When did you send it?”
“Last week. I just wonder why she hasn’t rung to tell us how she intends to pay us back the money she owes us.”
“She (s) ____________ (think) up a good excuse as to why she can’t, I bet.”
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Упр.6.6.7. Заполните пропуски, используя may , might или could и глагол в скобках. В некоторых случаях возможно использование каждого из трех глаголов. Обратите внимание на форму инфинитива.
I. I wonder why Alan didn’t buy me anything for my birthday. I suppose he (a) ________ (forget). Or he (b) _______ (think) that now I’m getting on. I don’t like to be reminded of my advancing years. On the other hand, he (c) _________ (not forget)! He (d) __________ (give) me a present this evening when I see him. Oh no! He (e) _______ (plan) a surprise party, as he did last year. What a disaster that was! I hope he isn’t doing it again!
II. Every time I phone Jane, it’s engaged. It’s very annoying. I suppose she (f) ____________ (try) to phone me while I’m phoning her. I’ll wait a while.
III. I can’t help worrying when Jack is late back home. I always think that he (g) __________ (have) an accident, and that he (h) __________ (lie) on the side of the road with ambulances and police cars all about him. I know it’s irrational. Wait a minute! It’s Tuesday today, isn’t it? He works late some Tuesdays. He (i) ___________ ( not leave) the office yet. I’ll give him a ring.
VI. I wonder why Helen has got all these books on Greece from the library. I suppose she (j) __________ (think) of going there on holiday. On the other hand, she (k) __________ (not get) them out for herself. They (l) ___________ (be) for Henry. He (m) ____________ (write) a project on Greece for his geography course.
*Упр. 6.6.8. Заполните пропуски глаголами could , managed to или соответствующей формой be able to.
a. What’s forty-eight divided by eight? I ______ never ____ to do sums in my head.
b. ___________ drive has changed my whole life. Now I can go wherever I want without having to worry about public transport.
c. I had a row with Sheila last night about nuclear arms. I __________ understand the point she was trying to make, but I still didn’t agree.
d. A girl was drowning, but I jumped in and I __________ save her. I ___________ swim since I was six.
e. The view was breathtaking. You ___________ see right across the valley to the hills in the distance.
f. Why don’t you stop smoking? You __________ do it if you tried.
g. Ann’s operation was very successful. The doctors say she _________ walk again in few weeks.
h. I’m learning Russian because I want ______ talk to people when I go there next year.
**Упр.6.6.9. Заполните пропуски, используя could , may , must , have to , should и нужную форму инфинитива глагола в скобках.
a. Einstain’s theory predicted that the universe was not static, but _____ (be) either expending or contracting.
b. Because the universe is expanding it ______ (cool), which means that it _____ (be) much hotter when it was young.
c. Therefore, a significant fraction of the universe ____ (consist) of nonbaryonic matter.
d. There were no longer free electrons to absorb and scatter light, and photons _____ (travel) freely through the universe.
e. These fluctuations _____ (cause) by something that happened even earlier.
f. We _____, however, (be) careful about taking these models too seriously; they all _____ (be) wrong.
Тесты на модальные глаголы .
Упр.6.7.1. Выберите правильный вариант ответа. (Иногда их больше одного)
a. The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody ______________ .
A was able to escape B managed to escape C could escape
b. The phone is ringing. It ______________ be Tom.
A might B can C could
c. Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You ____________ with Barbara.
A can stay B could stay C could have stayed
d. I’ve lost one of my gloves. I ___________ it somewhere.
A must drop B must have dropped C must be dropping
D must have been dropping
e. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It _____________ rain later.
A may B might C can D could
f. What was wrong with you? Why _______________ go to hospital?
A had you to B did you have to C must you
g. There’s plenty of time. You __________ hurry.
A don’t have to B mustn’t C needn’t
h. It was a great party last night. You __________ come. Why didn’t you?
A must have B should have C ought to have D had to
i. I think all drivers _________________ seat belts.
A should wear B had better wear C had better to wear
Упр.6.7.2. Выберите один из четырех вариантов, который, по вашему мнению, грамматически соответствует ситуации.
a. The author ________ extremely ambitious indicating only desirable targets instead of attainable ones.
A must have been B ought to have been C should have been D was to have been
b. The company is considering whether any new products ____________ to the line for sale in foreign countries.
A need to be added B should be adding C need add D ought to add
c. Price restrictions __________ prevent firms from using the strategies they consider optimal in achieving their ends.
A may B should C must D ought to
d. If you have a high blood pressure, you __________ stop eating salt and go on a saltless diet.
A had better B are better C need better D may better
f. You _________ go out without coat.
A are better not B were better not C better not D had better not
g. “When _________ we ________ expect you?”
“Soon after half past five.”
A are ____ to B must ___ ___ C do ______ have to D need _____
h. Don’t contradict her. You _________ respect her old age.
A are to B have to C should D ought to
i. All the samples of new products must be ready by Friday because the exhibition __________ on Saturday.
A is to open B has to open C should be open D should open
j. Travelers __________ their reservations well in advance if they want to fly during the Christmas holidays.
A had better to get B had to get better C had better get D had better got
k. Thanks to a letter of credit the importer is able to buy without ________ in advance.
A having to pay B having paid C have paid D have to pay
l. Because of variety of developing countries participated in OPEC, their potential impact ___________ no longer _________ .
A had _____ ignored B could _____ be ignored C had ____ to be ignored
D should _____ have been ignored
m. “I am going to visit Ann.”
“You __________ to telephone her first”
A ought B might C should D must
n. The Ford theatre where Lincoln was shot _________ .
A must restore B must be restoring C must have been restored
D must restored
o. If we __________ succeed, we need to change the structure of our company.
A have to B must C should D are to
p. No two corporations have the same name. For example, if the company’s name is Maxwell Manufacturing, no other company _____________ under that name.
A must get incorporated B should become incorporated
C need be incorporated D may incorporate
q. If you have a credit card you __________ carry a lot of cash with you.
A must not B do not have to C have not D might not
r. This rule _____ here. It’s an exaption.
A doesn’t apply B is not apply C shall not be applied
D must not have been applied
Упр.6.7.3. Найдите слово или фразу, которую надо заменить, чтобы предложение было правильным.
a. “Black box” is a device whose (A) internal workings (B) are immaterial: its (С) behavior must (D) be examined only at its input and output terminals.
b. Whoever (A) inspected this (B) radio should have put (C) their (D) identification number on the box.
c. When a patient’s blood pressure is much (A) higher than (B) it should be (C), a doctor usually insists that he will not (D) smoke.
d. The more (A) profits US corporation earn in another (B) countries, the less (C) they need to care (D) about infrastructure and education in their country.
Глава 7. Правило согласования времен. Прямая и косвенная речь. Типы высказываний. Типы вопросов. Глаголы речи.
Правило согласования времен.
7.1.1. Правило согласования времен запрещает использовать в придаточном предложении формы настоящего и будущего время, если в главном предложении сказуемое выражено глаголом в одном из прошедших времен.
В таблице показано, каким образом обычно изменяются времена при переходе от прямой речи к косвенной.
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| Present Simple (“I live”) Present Contin. (“I am living”) Present Perfect (“I have lived”) Present Perfect Contin.(“I have been living”) Past Simple (“I lived”) Past Contin. (“I was living”) Going to (Future) (“I am going to live”) Will Future (“I will live”) Can (“I can live”) May (“I may live”) Must (“I must live”) | Past Simple (He said he lived) Past Contin. (He said he was living) Past Perfect (He said he had lived) Past Perfect Contin. (He said he had been liveng) Past Perfect (He said he had lived) Past Perfect Contin. (He said he had been living) Was going (He said he was going to live) Would (He said he would live) Could (He said he could live) Might (He said he might live) Had to (He said he had to live) |
Указатели времени меняются следующим образом:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| «today» «now» «here» «this» «tonight» «tomorrow (night)» «next week» «last week» «yesterday» «ago» | That day Then There That That night The next / following day (night) The following week The previous week The previous day Previously / before |
Упражнение 7.1.1.a. позволяет отработать это правило для разных грамматических времен. В предложениях упражнения 7.1.1.b. использованы модальные глаголы.
Преобразуйте высказывания в прямую речь подобно тому, как это показано в таблице.
**Упр.7.1.1.a.
a. “I’ve attended two conferences this year.”
b. “I’ve visited several genetic laboratories.”
c. “I’ve seen a lot of interesting things.”
d. “I’ve given two lectures at Prinseton University.”
e. “I’m planning to visit Oxford.”
f. “I’m hoping to go to Scotland.”
g. “I’m writing my thesis now.”
h. “I’m studying an interesting problem.”
i. “I’ll start my next paper with the statement of the problem.”
j. “My paper will consist of four sections.”
k. “In the introduction I’ll outline the present state of research in the field of immunology.”
Упр.7.1.1.b.
a. “I can ring the Bank Manager.”
b. “I may go abroad.”
c. “We must observe the experimental conditions.”
d. “I can’t promise you my assistance in this matter”
e. “I may not be able to send you a copy of my paper shortly.”
f. “I must think about it.”
g. “I can’t do anything about it tonight.”
h. “I must write an account of my work.”
Упр.7.1.1.c. Следующие примеры показывают различные способы выражения будущего времени:
We are going to play tennis. (намерение)
She’s meeting her publisher. (запланированное действие)
“I’ll come,” he said. (неожиданное решение)
“He’ll win, I’m sure,” I thought. (предсказание)
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующем времени.
a. Henry! Good Lord! I forgot you _____________ (come) for supper. I haven’t bought anything to eat at all! Never mind. Come in.
b. The start of the film was dreadful. I hoped it ___________ (get) better, but in fact it got worse as it went on.
c. I went to bed early as I ___________ (leave) for New York the next day, and I wanted to feel refreshed when I arrived.
d. She didn’t worry about her son, Tom. He was a sensible boy, and she knew he __________ (take) care of himself.
e. I had invited Pat and Peter for supper at 8.00, but I didn’t start getting things ready until 7.30 because I knew they __________ (be) late. They always were.
f. Aren’t you Annie Beecroft? Do you remember me? Last time I saw you, you ___________ (emigrate) to Canada! Did you?
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