History of the British Economics Development
There is a short survey of the history of the British economics development.
● The Medieval economy
Society in the Middle Ages was based on the feudal system and most people lived and worked on the land (over 90% of the population). By the 14th c. the population had increased so much that there was a food shortage, mane people died from starvation. In 1348 the Black Death killed 1/3 of the population in 18 months. Suddenly there were not enough laborers to work the land, but formers did not want to raise wages (peasants’ revolts, Wat Tyler)
Between 1100 and 1300 about 140 new towns appeared. The first guilds, associations of merchants and craftsmen were established in the 11th c. In the Middle Ages wool was England’s most important export, also cloth, tin, lead and grain. Imports: timber and furs from the Baltic; wine, metal goods and leather from France; spices, cigars, silks and jewels from the East.
● The Commercial Activities in the 18th c.
It was a time of increasing prosperity for many people in Britain. By the end of the 18th c. Britain was one of the richest and strongest powers in Europe.
Britain’s first banking company, The Bank of England, was established in 1694. Banks were formed by rich individuals who lent money on condition that a rate of interest was paid on the loan.
From 1750s the introduction of new inventions and the discoveries of steam as a source of power led to the development of industry. Steel and machine – building industries (new) developed; new methods of production and improved forming machinery.
Britain exported textile and iron goods to America and imported raw cotton, tobacco and sugar. By the mid – 18th c. Britain was the leader in the slave trade. Africans were sold to plantation owners in South Africa and the West Indies, who need more laborers.
● The History of the Industrial Revolution
By 1800 Britain was the most industrialized state in the world.
I Industrial Revolution is characterized by
- ports facing to Atlantic; coastal shipping; good system of internal waterway
- growth of transport: busses (1828); trains (mid 19th c.); underground railway “the tube” (1863) was opened;
- growth of heavy industries (iron, steel, textiles and shipbuilding).
II Industrial Revolution (late 19th c. – early 20th c.) is characterized by
- industrial activity (steel, electric power, the internal combustion engines);
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- Weapon project (October 3, 1952 – the first British atomic weapon test, called Hurricane);
- growth of service industries (the most remarkable phenomenon now);
- tourism.
Tasks:
1. Enumerate the main characteristics of the medieval economics.
2. Prove that by the end of the 18th c. Britain was one of the richest and strongest powers in Europe.
3. Characterize the history of the Industrial Revolutions.
UNIT 6. CULTURE AND TRADITIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN
General Characteristics of Cultural Life and Leisure in the United Kingdom
The cultural life of the UK includes the dominant English culture, the contributions of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and to a lesser degree the dozens of cultures of the period of English colonialism.
Widespread changes in cultural life of the UK occurred after 1945. The most remarkable was the emergence first of Liverpool and then of London in 1960s as a world center of popular culture. The Beatles were only the first and best known of the many British rock music group to win a world following.
British clothing designers for a time led the world as innovators of new styles of dress for both men and women. Carneby Street and King’s Road shops became symbolic of Britain.
After World War II most evident was the rising standard of education. The number of pupils going on to higher education, the number of universities and institutions increased.
In society in general there was a marked increase in leisure. Governments shifted their political toward the arts. The independent Arts Council, formed in 1946, supports many kinds of creative and performing arts. Leisure becomes the concern of commerce: holiday camps, foreign holiday tours, gambling, the transformation of the traditional English pub by trendy interior decoration.
The English weekend is the occasion for countryside trips and for outdoor activities from fishing to mountaineering. England gave to the world the sports of cricket, association football and rugby football.
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The English are stay-at-home people. Domestic comforts, the easy charm of cottages and gardens and the ritual of afternoon tea continue to figure in the character of English life.
Answer the questions:
1. When did widespread changes in cultural life of the UK occur?
2. What does the independent Arts Council support?
3. What figures in the character of English life?
Education (Higher Education)
Only about 1/3 of school-leavers receive post-school education in GB (over 80% in Germany, France, the USA, Japan). Candidates are accepted on the basis of their A-level results. The course of study lasts 3-4 years (medical courses - 5 years).
Students completing their course of studies get a Bachelor degree (Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Sciences). There are 2 types of post-graduate course: the Master degree (Master of Arts or Master of Sciences) which takes 1 or 2 years, and the highest degree, Doctor of Philosophy (PhP), which takes 2 or 3 years more.
Today there are 47 universities in Britain, compared with only 17 in 1947. They fall into 4 categories:
1) the ancient English universities:
Oxford and Cambridge, founded in the 13th c. and 14th c., are two oldest and most exclusive universities in the country. The word “Oxbridge” is used to describe the type of the people who go there, usually the most influential people. New collages were established: Green College Oxford (1979) and Robinson College Cambridge (1977).
2) the ancient Scottish universities: four of them – Glasgow, Edinburg, St. Andrews, Aberdeen, all founded in the 15th – 16th c.c. 4 years of study – compared 3 years courses in England and Wales;
3) “red-brick” universities were established in the 19th c. to respond to the demand for educated people as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of the British Empire. Many of them were sited in the industrial centers: Birmingham, Nottingham, Newcastle, Liverpool and Bristol;
4) many plate-glass universities appeared in the 1960s with the expansion of higher education: Sussex, Kent, East Anglia.
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The Opened University is highly successful for working people of any age who wish to study in their spare time for degrees. The University conducts learning through correspondence, radio and television, local study centers. Most course-work is run by part-time tutors (many of whom are lecturers of other universities).
Answer the questions:
1. What categories of British universities do you know?
2. Where can working people get Bachelor and Master degrees?
3. How many years do the courses of study last?
Places of Interest
The Tower of London was built more than 900 years ago by William the Conqueror to protect and control the city. In the past it was a fortress, a palace and a state prison. Many kings lived here until the 17th c. when it became a prison. Many sad and cruel events took them Thomas More (the great humanist), two wives of Henry III. Now it is a museum which houses Royal armory collection of artillery and weapons, the Crown Jewels. The tower is guarded by the Yeomen Warders dressed in the uniforms of the Tudor time (the tunic is black and red). The ravens live in the Tower and are carefully guarded. There is a legend that without them the Tower will fall and the Kingdom with it.
Westminster Abbey is the Royal Church where most British monarchs since William the Conqueror have been crowned and buried. It was built in 1065. The Abbey contains the tombs and memorials of many famous English scientists (Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and others), the Poet’s Corner (G.Chaucer, Ch.Dickens, Redyard Kipling – are buried), the memorials to W.Shakespeare, John Milton, R.Burns, George Byron, W.Scott and others. There is The Grave of the Unknown Soldier (First World War). Westminster Abbey is not just a historic monument, now it is a church where the usual services are conducted from day today. It is a church from the Saxon times when in the year 750 A.D. a Benedictine Abbey was founded known as West Monastery (Westminster) – 5 km west of London’s centre.
The House of Parliament is the seat of the seat of the British Government, was built in 1860, is a very large Gothic building, 280 m. long. It stands on the left bank of the River Thames. The House is divided into 2 Chambers – The House of Commons and The House of Lords (House of Parliament). There are 2 towers there: the Clock Tower with the bell Big Ben in it, and the Victoria Tower. In the Chamber of the House of Lords there is a throne of the Queen. Here the Queen makes the throne speech on the day of the State Opening of Parliament. There is a crimson woolsack in front of the throne, a traditional seat of the Lord Chancellor. It is stuffed with wool from East, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland. The wool is a symbol of Britain’s prosperity. Trafalgar Square was made to commemorate the victory of Admiral Nelson at the sea battle of Trafalgar, the victory of the British Navy over Napoleon in 1805. The British fleet was commanded by Admiral Nelson, who was killed in this battle. The monument, Nelson’s Column, was erected in 1843. Its pedestal is decorated with four bronze bas-reliefs (they were made from cannons captured from the French) of Nelson’s famous naval victories: the Battle of Nile in 1798 (North); Nelson’s death at Trafalgar in 1805 (South); the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801(East); the Battle of Cape St.Vincent in 1797 (West). Later 4 great lions were placed at the foot of the Nelson Column. On the top of the column is the statue of Admiral Nelson (English sculptor Edward Bailey).
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Edinburgh is famous for its International Festival which includes: opera, ballet, music of all kinds, folk-dancing, plays, films, puppet shows, exhibitions of painting and sculpture. The Festival lasts three weeks and is ended by a military show (Tattoo) with music and fireworks.
Wales is famous for its three national parks, Snowdonia (northwest) is the most famous. Snowdonia is the highest peak in England and Wales. Many people come to this place for special holidays: walking, climbing, riding, water sports (canoeing) and fishing.
Answer the questions:
1. What do the Yeomen Warders guard?
2. What tells the Tower legend?
3 Where is the Grave of the Unknown Soldier?
4. Is Westminster Abbey just a historic monument?
5. What is a traditional seat of the Lord Chancellor and what colour is it?
6. What do four bronze bas-reliefs of Nelson’s Column picture?
7. What are Scotland and Wales famous for?
Holidays
Christmas (December, 25) – putting presents for children into their stockings; using green and red decorations, bank holiday.
Boxing day (December, 26) – giving small Christmas presents/money to employers, postmen, milkmen etc., bank holiday.
New Year’s Day (December 31/January 1) – making resolutions to give up smoking, to keep to a slimming diet, bank holiday.
Remembrance Day (Second Sunday in November) – commemorating the British soldiers, sailors and airmen who gave their lives in both World Wars.
Spring Bank Holiday – last Monday in May.
Summer Bank Holiday – last Monday in August.
Easter Sunday and Easter Monday (between 22 March – 25 April) – decoration of Easter eggs, eating candy eggs and bunnies, bank holiday, presenting.
Pancake Day (Shrove Tuesday in February) – eating pancakes.
Mothers Day (the second Sunday in May) – since W.W.II – The holidays of the American origin.
Father’s Day (the third Sunday in June) – The holidays of the American origins.
St. Valentine’s Day (February, 14) – sending cards with words of love.
Halloween (October, 31) – telling ghost stories, making masks, playing tricks.
Guy Fawkes Night (November, 5) – making a guy for bonfire.
Grandparent’s Days – September, 24
May Day (May, 1) – the festival celebrating the end of winter.
St. George’s Day (April, 23) – the saint of England.
St. Patrick’s Day (November, 17) – the saint of Ireland.
St. Andrew’s Day (November, 30) – the saint of Scotland.
St. David’s Day (March, 1) – the saint of Wales.
Answer the questions:
1. How many holidays are there in Great Britain?
2. What spring holidays celebrated in that country do you know?
3. What holidays are of the American origin?
4. Task 1. Prepare the report about one of the holidays.
THE USA
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