AIR ARMY: THE MOST DIFFICULT DAYS AND NIGHTS OF THE STALINGRAD DEFENSE
Khazanov Dmitry Borisovich
Candidate of Technical Sciences
Researcher of Scientific and Methodical Department of the Museum of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945
haz anovdb@yandex.ru
3 Pobedy Square, 121170, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract. The article is devoted to the specificities of the confrontation of the Soviet and Nazi forces in the air space of Stalingrad. Qualitative and quantitative characteristic of the both sides is given. The author narrates about the measures of the Soviet Command to strengthen combat actions of aviation in different periods of the battle.
Key words: 8 Air Army, Luftwaffe, Soviet High Command, aerial sorties.
23 abfycta 1942 f. bomno b mctopmd kak geha mametm m ckop6m. Mocne moyhou 6om6apgmpobkm Ctanmhfpaga k beuepy mhofme wmnɵe kbaptanɵ 6ɵnm oxbauehɵ ofhem, tɵceum wmteneu mofm6nm, gpyfme metanmca mo yskmm ynoukam b momckax cmacehme, tpetam mɵtanmca mepe6patace uepes monhoboghyd peky. Hmehho tof- ga hauanoca mnahomephoe yhmutowehme fopoga-kpacabya ha 6epefy Bonfm. Ho b tot geha mpomsomno eye ogho bawhoe m kpauhe hefatmbhoe co6ɵtme: mpopbab
hamy o6opohy ha ¶ohy, motopmsobahhɵe boucka mpotmbhmka bɵmnm k Bonfe cebephee Ctanmhfpaga. Takmm o6pasom, cobetckmu Øpoht okasance pacceueh, m b stom shaumtenahom ycmexe hemyeb ndØtbaØØe cɵfpanm bawhyd pona.
Bmepegm, kak mɵ shaem, 6ɵnm wectokme m hampewehhɵe 6om, a cpegm mho- fmx fehepanob, oØmyepob m congat bepmaxta yapmna suØopme: gne hmx saxbat Ctanmhfpaga kasance uyta nm he genom pemehhɵm, fopog ha Bonfe ebnence cmhohmmom mo6egohochofo okohuahme Boctouhofo moxoga, ohm fotobɵ 6ɵnm mpegmpmheta «mocneghmu pɵbok», sa6ɵb ymopctbo m camomoweptbobahme mx mpotmbhmka, mpoebnehhɵe, b uacthoctm, b hegabho sabepmmbmemce cpawehmm ha ¶ohy. B mta6 8-fo abmakopmyca hampabnenmca mpmbetctbehhɵe mocnahme ms pashɵx komahghɵx mhctahymu hasemhɵx bouck, fge otmeuanmca ycmexm sckagp m bxogmbmeu b coctab ndØtbaØØe sehmthou aptmnnepmm.
Hactpoehme 6ouyob hammx uacteu shaumtenaho ymano, b mmcamax gomou c Øpohta ndgm mmcanm o mnoxou opfahmsaymm 6oe b Kpachou Apmmm, hegoctat- kax 6oempmmacob m boopywehme, maccmbhoctm cobetckmx BBC. Tak, b goknage oco6ofo otgena HKB¶ Ctanmhfpagckofo Øpohta 4 cehte6pe b agpec u. M. be- pmm m B. C. A6akymoba mpmbogmnmca bɵgepwkm ms mmcama oghofo ms 6ouyob
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– mctpe6mteneu tahkob 64-u apmmm: «Cefoghe beca geha abmayme hemuypɵ he gabana hmkakofo mokoe, sapɵbauce xota ha 100, xota ha 1000 m, a goctahet. Hammx camonetob he bmgho 6ɵno yenɵu geha, m sto [mpomcxogmt] he tona- ko cefoghe, ho 6ɵno buepa m 6yget sabtpa. Het hmkakofo compotmbnehme [b he6e], uto xotet, to tbopet c hasemhɵmm bouckamm… Ckonako cefoghe ha ha- mem hampabnehmm 6ɵno camonetob – sto mpocto ywac. Fnabhoe to, uto ogha maptme yxogmt, a gpyfae mpmxogmt. Hy fge we hamm camonetɵ, mouemy ohm ham he momofadt?!»1
Hago mpmshata, uto cnyumbmeece – mpopɵb hemyeb k Bonfe – haspebano, oco6ehho mocne mepempabɵ hemeykmx 6oebɵx fpymm uepes ¶oh y xytopa Bepte- umu. Fge-to b cepegmhe abfycta hamm komahgmpɵ otmetmnm samethoe ycmnehme bpaweckou abmaymm ha ctanmhfpagckom hampabnehmm. Ctabka BFK moctoehho tpe6obana ot komahgobahme Øpohtob go6mtace mepenoma, ho cmtyayme ha gana- hmx mogctymax k fopogy mpogonwana yxygmatace. O6aechee mpmumhy heygau, 17 abfycta komahgydymu o6ommm Øpohtamm A. H. Epemehko m uneh Boehhofo cobeta H. C. Xpyyeb tenefpaØmpobanm H. B. Ctanmhy:
«Coothomehme bmgob abmaymm 8-u BA he o6ecmeumbaet hopmanahyd pa6o- ty… Hacumtɵbaetce b ctpod okono 60 6om6apgmpobymkob, 70 mtypmobmkob, 45 mctpe6mteneu (kak cnegobano ms omepatmbhɵx gokymehtob, konmuectbo mc- mpabhɵx mctpe6mteneu shaumtenaho sahmweho. – Mpmm. abt.). Manoumcnehhocta mctpe6mteneu he o6ecmeumbaet mpmkpɵtme mtypmobmkob m 6om6apgmpobymkob m cobepmehho mcknduaet bɵgenehme mctpe6mteneu gne mpmkpɵtme bouck. Mpo-
Mpmm. abt.) ycmnmta Øpoht 5–6 mctpe6mtenahɵmm monkamm c pacuetom, uto6ɵ ohm mpm6ɵnm 18 abfycta» 2.
Peakyme Bepxobhofo Fnabhokomahgydyefo he sactabmna ce6e wgata. Oh pacmopegmnce cpouho sabepmmta Øopmmpobahme gbyx gmbmsmu – 287-u mag m 288-u mag, ykommnektobata mx go mtathofo coctaba hobeummmm ha tot mepmog mctpe6mtenemm uaFF-5 (bckope mx hasobyt 6onee mpmbɵuho – ua-5) m Æk-76 m mepe6pocmta o6a coegmhehme mog Ctanmhfpag b coctab 8-u bosgymhou apmmm. Takmm o6pasom, mnahmpobanoca b teuehme 6nmwaummx tpex-uetɵpex gheu mo- monhmta mctpe6mtenahyd abmaymd coegmhehme fehepana T. T. Xpdkmha boce- mad cbewmmm abmamonkamm, hacumtɵbadymmm mo mtaty bcefo 160 camonetob.
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Kasanoca, heo6xogmmɵe kohtpmepɵ 6ɵnm mpmhetɵ. K cowanehmd, bbegehme b cpawehme o6emx gmbmsmu mpoxogmno heopfahmsobahho, mocmemho, ywe b xoge mepeneta k Øpohty mmenmca motepm. Ha mctpe6mtenex Æk-76 b mepbɵx we 6oex ctano otkasɵbata boopywehme, uto motpe6obano mpobegehme gomonhmtenahou gobogkm hemocpegctbehho ha Øpohte. Kofga «naboukmhckyd» gmbmsmd hauanm mepe6pacɵbata mog Ctanmhfpag, to ocbomta hobɵe mammhɵ 6onammhctbo netum- kob he ycmenm. Mpomno bcefo gba-tpm ghe mpe6ɵbahme 287-u gmbmsmm b coctabe 8-u BA, a b monkax octanoca he 6onee 8–10 mcmpabhɵx uaFF-5, t.e. 6oebɵe bos- mowhoctm uacteu cokpatmnmca 6onee uem hamonobmhy. K beuepy 28 abfycta, ha- mpmmep, b coegmhehmm mmenoca 46 «naboukmhɵx», ms hmx bcefo 11 mcmpabhɵx3.
Eye go mpopɵba k Bonfe nyumme netumkm-mctpe6mtenm ms geuctbobabmmx ha gahhom hampabnehmm fepmahckmx sckagp mhofokpatho ybenmumnm bɵnetɵ ha
«cbo6oghyd oxoty». B goknage boehkoma 8-u BA 6pmfaghofo kommccapa A. H. Bmxopeba b mta6 BBC KA otmeuanoca: «Mpotmb hameu abmaymm 6ɵnm 6pome- hɵ ham6onee omɵthɵe netumkm mpotmbhmka, acɵ-«oxothmkm», kotopɵe mommmo mpmkpɵtme cbomx bouck m habogmmɵx mepempab uepes ¶oh bctpeuanm hammx mtypmobmkob m 6om6apgmpobymkob, otbnekanm mctpe6mteneu compobowgehme m ygaphɵmm mogpasgenehmemm mo gba-uetɵpe Bf 109 atakobanm octabmmxce 6es mpmkpɵtme mtypmobmkob m 6om6apgmpobymkob. 3to 6ɵno hobɵm b taktmke geu- ctbmu bpaweckou abmaymm, motpe6obano mepectpoehme 6oebɵx mopegkob hammx mctpe6mteneu mpmkpɵtme; fpymmɵ 6om6apgmpobymkob 6ɵnm ymehamehɵ, a mc- tpe6mteneu hemocpegctbehhofo compobowgehme – ybenmuehɵ» 4.
Mowanyu, ham6onee hempmethɵm 6ɵno to, uto bpaweckme acɵ mpmctymmnm k aktmbhɵm geuctbmem b hamem 6nmwhem tɵny, oco6ehho b pauohe aspogpomob, mpemetctbye bsnetam m mocagkam, cpɵbae 6oebɵe sagahme m hahoce shaumtena- ho 6onee uybctbmtenahɵe motepm cobetckmm BBC, uem mpewge. facto ohm mpm- ctpambanmca csagm k bsnetadyemy mnm mpmsemnedyemyce camonety, kofga efo mahebp 6ɵn becama ofpahmueh manou ckopoctad, m c mpegenaho 6nmskmx gmc- tahymu otpɵbanm ofoha habepheka.
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cmm k hauany hactymnehme (peua mget o mogfotobke ouepeghofo kohtpygapa. –
2 ]AMO P8. 8. 220. Om. 226. ¶. 25. u. 298
1 Ctanmhfpagckae smomee: Matepmanɵ HKB¶ CCCP m boehhou yehsypɵ ms ]ehtpanahofo apxmba 8Cb P8. M.: 2000. C. 197.
3 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5755. ¶. 10. u. 130.
4 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5755. ¶. 29. u. 12, 13.
Abmayme mpotmbhmka mocne bɵxoga efo hasemhɵx bouck k bhemhemy o6o- pohmtenahomy o6bogy Ctanmhfpaga mepe6asmpobanaca ha 6nmwaumme k Øpohty aspogpomɵ m monyumna bosmowhocta cobepmata b geha mo heckonaky 6oebɵx bɵnetob. Kak mpabmno, b kawgou mctpe6mtenahou abmafpymme ndØtbaØØe mme- noca mo tpm-uetɵpe mapɵ «cbo6oghɵx oxothmkob», kotopɵx he ofpahmumbanm kohkpethɵmm sagahmemm, mpegoctabmb mm cbo6ogy geuctbmu b ompegenehhɵx cektopax. Hhtehcmbhocta 6oebou pa6otɵ 6ɵna bɵcokou, kawgɵu bɵnet gnmnce 40–50 mmh.
A uactm 8-u bosgymhou apmmm geuctbobanm b ochobhom c yganehhɵx aspo- gpomob. Ha mpabom 6epefy Bonfm k 23 abfycta octabanmca nmma heshaumtenahɵe cmnɵ. K tomy we fehepan-monkobhmk A. H. Epemehko m mta6 Œfo-Boctouhofo Øpohta hampabmnm komahgobahmd 8-u BA gmpektmby, kotopae sabepmanaca cno- bamm: «Ha mone 6oe ha dwhom Øace mogctymob k Ctanmhfpagy ceuuac pemaetce efo cyga6a» 5. Mogo6hɵu bɵbog he cootbetctboban o6ctahobke. B pesynatate oc- hobhoe bhmmahme abmaymohhofo komahgobahme, bosgymhɵx pasbegumkob 6ɵno hampabneho ha ykasahhɵu bɵme pauoh.
O6patmmce k ghebhou omepcbogke 8-u BA sa 23 abfycta. Mepeg ommcahm- em 6oebɵx geuctbmu kawgofo ms coegmhehmu bosgymhou apmmm coo6yanoca:
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«Mpotmbhmk fpymmamm go 30 camonetob hempepɵbho 6om6mn hamm boucka, mpm- kpɵban cbom boucka fpymmamm go 12 mctpe6mteneu, c paccbeta go temhotɵ ben pasbegky mapamm m uetbepkamm. Mpm pasbmtmm ycmexa b hampabnehmm mpopɵba c 16.00 b bosgyxe oghobpemehho haxogmnoca go 50 6om6apgmpobymkob m 15 mc- tpe6mteneu». Takmm o6pasom, b gokymehte boo6ye he ymommhanaca bapbapckae 6om6apgmpobka Ctanmhfpaga, gpyfme hefatmbhɵe co6ɵtme stofo ghe 6.
Hag fopogom c ytpa go beuepa mnm hampewehhɵe m hepabhɵe gne «ctanmhckmx cokonob» bosgymhɵe 6om. B eye xygmem monowehmm, uem skmmawm 8-u BA, okasa- nmca netumkm 102-u mag MBO, fge mmenoca mhofo matepmanahou uactm, ywe cmna- ho yctapebmeu. Mohetho, uto hmkakmx 120 hemeykmx camonetob, kak sto uacto ykasɵbanoca b cobetckou nmtepatype, sa 23 abfycta c6mto he 6ɵno. (Ho m hemyɵ nykabet, coo6yae, 6ygto mpm 1600 bɵnetax motepenm bcefo 3 camoneta; takme mo- tepm 6ɵnm nmma mpm beuepheu 6om6apgmpobke Ctanmhfpaga 7. Mo gahhɵm fehe- pan-kbaptmpmeuctepa ndØtbaØØe b te cytkm mognewanm cmmcahmd 14 camonetob mpm bɵmonhehmm 1587 6oebɵx bɵnetob bcem 4-m bosgymhɵm Ønotom)8.
3ato hamm motepm, cofnacho omepcbogke, coctabmnm 33 camoneta 9. Mpmuem cdga he bomnm 19 V-2 ms 596-fo am mauopa A. A. Obogoba (272-u h6ag), kotopɵe mpotmbhmk saxbatmn y mocenka Pɵhok, heowmgahho bopbabmmca ha nethoe mone. uethɵu coctab otgɵxan mepeg houhɵmm monetamm, 6onammhctbo mpopbatace k
co6ctbehhɵm mammham he cmofno. Oghako heckonako cmenauakob c hactymnehm- em temhotɵ mpo6panmca k ctoehkam m mog o6ctpenom bpafa bsnetenm, mepefhab 3 «kykypyshmka» sa Bonfy.
Bcekae cbesa Ctabkm BFK c fopogom 6ɵna bpemehho ytepeha, peanahofo mo- nowehme hmkto he shan. 3tmm, a takwe bpemehhou pactepehhoctad mowho o6a- echmta gmpektmby, hampabnehhyd sa mogmmcad H. B. Ctanmha mo pagmo fehepany
A. H. Epemehko mosghmm beuepom 23-fo: «Mpotmbhmk mpopban ham Øpoht he- 6onammmm cmnamm. Co6epmte abmaymd o6emx Øpohtob m habanmteca ha mpopbab- mefoce mpotmbhmka. Mo6mnmsyute 6pohemoesga… Monasyuteca gɵmamm b mso- 6mnmm (m 6es stofo ykasahme fopog sakytana fyctae meneha gɵma. – Mpmm. abt.), uto6ɵ samytata bpafa. ¶epmteca c mpopbabmmmce mpotmbhmkom he tonako ghem, ho m houad… Camoe fnabhoe, he moggabatace mahmke, he 6oetace haxanahofo bpafa m coxpahmta ybepehhocta b hamem ycmexe» 10.
B to bpeme kak mpotmbhmk mpogonwan geuctbobata c moutm mpewhmm hampe- wehmem, bɵmonhee b pauohe fopoga mo 800–1000 bɵnetob, aktmbhocta hameu abmaymm pesko ymana. Ecnm 23 abfycta oha cobepmmna 511 camoneto-bɵnetob, to 24-fo – tonako 265, ha cnegydymu geha – 270, eye cmycte cytkm – 397, 27-fo – 353…11 ¶o6abmm, uto a6condthoe 6onammhctbo bɵnetob y hac cobepmanm nm6o houhɵe nefkomotophɵe camonetɵ, nm6o matpynmpydyme mctpe6mtenm; ghebhɵx m pesynatatmbhɵx ygapob mo bouckam mpotmbhmka, efo tahkam m motomexote, oka- sanoca mckndumtenaho mano. Vmehamehme konmuectba camoneto-bɵnetob o6a- echenoca mohecehhɵmm motepemm, mpewge bcefo mctpe6mteneu, b mpegɵgyymx 6oex, cmnahɵm ytomnehmem nethofo coctaba, bɵhywgehhɵm mepe6asmpobahmem 6onammhctba abmauacteu ha boctouhɵu 6epef Bonfm, yxygmehmem ympabnehme coegmhehmemm mta6om 8-u BA, mepemegmmm ha hoboe mecto b mocenok Bepxhe- Mofpomhoe, cebepo-boctouhee Ctanmhfpaga beuepom 24 abfycta.
Mpotmbhmk tem bpemehem hempepɵbho 6om6mn Ctanmhfpag, hamm koh- tpmepɵ moka sØØekta he mpmhecnm. Oghou ms fnabhɵx mpmumh hammx he- ygau, bknduae heycmex kohtpygapob, mpegmpmhetɵx k cebepy ot fopoga m hampabnehhɵx ha yhmutowehme mpopbabmmxce k Bonfe hemeykmx bouck m bocctahobnehme monowehme, kotopoe mmenoca ha 19–20 abfycta, komahgo- bahme bmgeno b cna6octm (kauectbehhou m konmuectbehhou) mctpe6mtena- hou abmaymm. Mogtbepwgehme ckasahhomy mowho hautm b oghom ms mmcem mpesmgehty CHA 8. Pysbenaty, othoceymxce k ocehm 1942 f., fge H. B. Ctanmh moguepkhyn sty mɵcna: «Mpaktmka bouhɵ mokasana, uto camɵe xpa- 6pɵe boucka ctahobetce 6ecmomoyhɵmm, ecnm ohm he saymyehɵ ot ygapob c bosgyxa»12 .
5 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5953. ¶. 8. u. 121, 122.
6 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5755. ¶. 37. u. 149.
7 Plocher H. The German Air Force versus Russia, 1942. Vol. 2. New York: 1966. S. 231.
8 Kampfeinsatz der Luftwaffe an der Ostfront. Berlin: 1944. S. 57. 9 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5755. ¶. 37. u. 149, 150.
10 C6ophmk gokymehtob Bepxobhofo Fnabhokomahgobahme sa mepmog Benmkou Oteuectbeh- hou bouhɵ. Bɵm. 2. M.: 1968. C. 294.
11 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5755. ¶. 37. u. 153 – 174.
12 Mepemmcka Mpegcegatene Cobeta mmhmctpob CCCP c mpesmgehtom CHA m mpemaep-mm- hmctpom Benmko6pmtahmm bo bpeme Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ. T. 2. M.: 1957. C. 34.
Ot6mb hamm mepbɵe m hacmex mogfotobnehhɵe kohtpatakm mpotmb mpopbab- mmxce k Bonfe motopmsobahhɵx 6oebɵx fpymm, ycmnmb cboe monowehme k dfy ot fopoga, mpotmbhmk co6mpance b 6nmwaumyd hegend-gbe c 6oemm saheta Cta- nmhfpag. Kak m mpewge, ha ndØtbaØØe bosnafanmca 6onamme hagewgɵ. B cbesm c yxygmehmem o6ctahobkm ha 6epefy Bonfm Ctabka BFK mpogonwana mpmhmmata pasnmuhɵe mepɵ gne ympouehme efo o6opohɵ. Ctanmh mohmman, uto boucka 62-u apmmm, mpegoctabnehhɵe cammm ce6e, he cmofyt bɵgepwata gnmtenahofo hatm- cka bceu fpomagɵ bpaweckmx cmn m cpegctb, 6pomehhɵx ha mtypm fopoga, mpm- kasan he ocna6neta geuctbmu mo fnabhou fpymmmpobke hempmetene k cebepy m dfy ot Ctanmhfpaga, aktmbmsmpobata pa6oty hameu abmaymm. B mepbɵx umcnax cehte6pe 1942 f. camonethɵu mapk 8-u BA hacumtɵban 494 camoneta, ho ms hmx tonako 192 b mcmpabhom coctoehmm (57 mctpe6mteneu, 37 ghebhɵx m 51 houhou
6om6apgmpobymk, 32 mtypmobmka, 2 pasbegumka m 13 cbeshɵx)13 .
C 4 cehte6pe b coctabe Ctanmhfpagckofo Øpohta ctana geuctbobata bhoba cosgahhae 16-e bosgymhae apmme mog komahgobahmem fehepan-mauopa C. H. Pygehko. Hs coctaba 8-u BA bɵgenmnm hobomy o6aegmhehmd gbe gmbmsmm: 220-d mag m 228-d mag, hacumtɵbadyme, cofnacho mepbomy otuety mta6a, ha ykasahhyd gaty 74 mctpe6mtene m 124 mtypmobmka – bcefo 198 camonetob
14. B tot we geha 130 camonetob mpm6ɵnm ha momonhehme 8-u BA.
Hsyumb bce o6ctoetenactba 6oeb mocneghmx gheu, mta6 BBC KA hampa- bmn 5 cehte6pe b boucka ykasahme mo yctpahehmd hegouetob b geuctbmex mc- tpe6mtenahou abmaymm. ¶okymeht otmeuan takme ofpexm, kak cna6oe shahme netumkamm netho-taktmueckmx gahhɵx camonetob mpotmbhmka, heymehme sa- tefmbata mpotmbhmka ha bɵcoty, omtmmanahyd gne oteuectbehhɵx mammh, fpamotho mcmonasobata mmedymece mpemmyyectba, hampmmep, goctatouho bɵcokme nethɵe xapaktepmctmkm hobɵx mctpe6mteneu Æk-1, Æk-76 m ua-5. BPH¶ hau. mta6a BBC KA fehepan-mauop H. H. Kponehko ykasɵban: «¶mc- ymmnmha b 6od cna6a, m netumkm ms fpymmobofo bosgymhofo 6oe uactehako bɵxoget moogmhouke, uem fy6et ce6e m ocna6nedt cbod fpymmy b yenom. Vmpabnehme bosgymhɵm 6oem mo pagmo c semnm m b bosgyxe he otpa6otaho, efo Øaktmueckm het. Hckycctbo mmnotawa m bosgymhou ctpena6ɵ y mhofmx netumkob hebɵcokm. Cmnɵ mctpe6mtenahou abmaymm pacmɵnedtce ha matpy- nmpobahme. Pesepbob y komahgmpob gmbmsmu m komahgydymx apmmemm het, mostomy hapaymbahme cmn b mpoyecce 6oe ocyyectbneta hebosmowho…» 15
¶o6abmm, uto mhofme bompocɵ 6ɵnm tofga tonako moctabnehɵ. Otbetɵ ha hekotopɵe ms hmx yganoca hautm uepes 2–3 meceya, gpyfme gne pemehme mo- tpe6obanm fopasgo 6onamefo bpemehm, go foga. Vwe b xoge kohtphactymnehme mog Ctanmhfpagom cobetckme netumkm ctanm geuctbobata fopasgo afpeccmbhee,
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13 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5782. ¶. 3. u. 83.
14 ]AMO P8. 8. 368. Om. 6476. ¶. 13. u. 49.
15 Cobetckme Boehho-Bosgymhɵe Cmnɵ b Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhe 1941 – 1945 ff. C6ophmk gokymehtob. ¼ 1. M.: 1957. C. 173.
mouybctbobanm bkyc mo6eg. Ho cyyectbehhofo mpofpecca BBC KA cmofnm go- ctmfhyta b bosgymhɵx cpawehmex ha Ky6ahm, ha Kypckou gyfe, hag ¶hempom. Ctpemeca cokpatmta 6oebɵe motepm, komahgobahme 8-u BA, hapegy c ycmnehmem sehmthofo mpmkpɵtme aspogpomob, msmehmno taktmky mpmme- hehme ghebhɵx 6om6apgmpobymkob m mtypmobmkob. Mepbɵe mpmctymmnm k geuctbmem ogmhouhɵmm skmmawamm mnm menkmmm mogpasgenehmemm 6es mpmkpɵtme ha bɵcotax 5500–6000 m m 6oname, uto6ɵ chmsmta bepoethocta bhesamhou atakm co ctopohɵ «meccepmmmttob». Mpmuem ofobapmbanoca, uto ha6mpata bɵcoty m chmwatace mocne bɵmonhehme sagahme ohm gonwhɵ 6ɵnm b pauohe cbomx aspogpomob. Btopɵm pekomehgobanoca otkasatace ot mcmona- sobahme 6pedymx monetob, heckonako mogheta bɵcotɵ, a atakm mpomsbogmta
c bɵcot 1200–1500 m, moctemehho chmwaeca.
Oco6ae pona b tom, uto b ctona tewenɵx ycnobmex yganoca bɵctoeta m sa- tem go6mtace mepenoma cmtyaymm k nyumemy, mpmhagnewana komahgapmy 8-u bosgymhou fehepan-mauopy T. T. Xpdkmhy. Hecmotpe ha 32-nethmu bospact, monogou komahgydymu ycmen hakommta shaumtenahɵu 6oebou omɵt, saboe- ban ybawehme mogumhehhɵx. B 1939 f. oh 6ɵn hafpawgeh «3onotou 3besgou» Fepoe sa mogbmfm b 6oex b Kmtae, haxogmnce ha Øpohte c hauana Benmkou Oteuectbehhou. Koheuho, y TmmoØee TmmoØeebmua mmenoca mog Ctanmhfpa- gom mhofo fpamothɵx m tonkobɵx momoyhmkob b mta6e 8-u bosgymhou, c kotopɵmm yctahobmnmca mpekpachɵe pa6oume othomehme.
Vcmnehme bpaweckou abmaymm mog Ctanmhfpagom, bapbapckoe paspymehme fopoga maccmpobahhɵmm ygapamm cepaesho 6ecmokomno komahgydyefo. B gm- pektmbe ot 25 abfycta oh ykasɵban: «Moutm sa 100 camoneto-bɵnetob nyummmm netumkamm mctpe6mtenemm, mpmkpɵbadymmm Ctanmhfpag, he c6mto hm oghofo 6om6apgmpobymka mpotmbhmka. B bosgymhɵx 6oex c6mto 4 Bf 109, motepeho 10 cbomx camonetob. Boehhɵu cobet Øpohta, komahgydymu 8-u bosgymhou apmmeu he ygobnetbopehɵ pa6otou mctpe6mteneu. Taktmka mx geuctbmu sacnywmbaet ca- mofo peskofo ocywgehme. Bmecto momcka 6om6apgmpobymkob mpotmbhmka b he6e Ctanmhfpaga m pemmtenahofo mx yhmutowehme, bmnota go tapaha – mctpe6mtenm b 6onammhctbe bɵnetob he gemohctpmpobanm hactymatenahofo gyxa, a benm be- nɵu o6opohmtenahɵu 6ou»16.
Kpome tofo, hemyɵ ebho ctpemmnmca mogabmta bond hammx 6ouyob m komah- gmpob k compotmbnehmd. Hecmotpe ha tewenɵe motepm abmaymohhofo o6aegmhe- hme b nmuhom coctabe m texhmke, tpe6obanoca mepenommta cmtyaymd. B oghom ms 6oebɵx mpmkasob Xpdkmh mmcan: «31 abfycta 1942 f. boucka wgyt aktmbhou momoym co ctopohɵ 6om6apgmpobymkob, mtypmobmkob m mctpe6mteneu 8-u BA. Komahgmpam m boehkomam gmbmsmu pasaechmta bcemy nmuhomy coctaby cepaes- hocta monowehme o6ctahobkm ha Øpohte y Ctanmhfpaga, motpe6obata ot bcefo nmuhofo coctaba makcmmanahofo hampewehme b opfahmsaymm 6oebou pa6otɵ»17.
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16 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5953. ¶. 8. u. 157.
17 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5755. ¶. 10. u. 153
Pesynatatom ha6ndgehmu m pasgymmu komahgapma 8-u BA ctanm efo mpmkasɵ, gmpektmbɵ mnm mpocto cobetɵ, kotopɵmm oh genmnce c mogumhehhɵmm. Ha ogmh ms gokymehtob xotenoca o6patmta oco6oe bhmmahme – sammcky T. T. Xpdkmha, agpecobahhyd 4 cehte6pe boehkomy apmmm A. H. Bmxopeby m hauanahmky mta6a monkobhmky H. F. Cenesheby. Oha, kak m mhofme gpyfme, ahanofmuhɵe, 6ɵna ha- mmcaha ot pykm ybethɵmm kapahgamamm (kopmuhebɵm, senehɵm, uephɵm, opah- webɵm) ha nmctax ms yuehmueckou tetpagm b knetky; habepheka coctabnenaca b cmemke, TmmoØeu TmmoØeebmu mcmonasoban to, uto okasanoca mog pykou:
«Tob. Bmxopeb m Cenesheb. Bɵeswan e cefoghe k cbomm bouckam m mocmo- tpen, kak pa6otadt hamm mctpe6mtenm, kak gepetce hama cnabhae mexota. Ecnm m ganame tak hamm mctpe6mtenm 6ygyt takwe pa6otata, mycta yw nyume ohm cmget goma m he mosopet cobetckyd abmaymd.
Mexota otpawaet tahkm, abtomatumkob, bɵgepwmbaet 16-uacobɵe hempepɵb- hɵe 6om6ewkm, mmhomethɵe m aptmnnepmuckme o6ctpenɵ, ho Ctanmhfpag saym- yaet. Hamm we netumkm – e ha6ndgan uetɵpe pasa b 11.00, 13.00, 14.30 m 16.00
– mpm bmge mctpe6mteneu mpotmbhmka mepebopaumbadtce (bɵmonhedt mepebo- pot. – Mpmm. abt.) m haumhadt ytekata. Hx we gofohedt m c6mbadt, kak kypuat. A bɵ mehe o6mahɵbaete, 6ygto bɵmonheho ctonako-to 6oebɵx bɵnetob, mpobegeho ctonako-to bosgymhɵx 6oeb. 3to he 6om, a y6efahme bce bpeme.
Tob. Bmxopeb! V6egmtenaho mpomy ycmnmta hamy monmtpa6oty. Oha bmgmmo kpemko ctpagaet, ecnm netumkm he genadt cboefo gena. Hx goknagam bepet, a ohm ham bpyt. B geuctbmtenahoctm gena o6ctoet fopasgo xywe, [uem mowho 6ɵno mpegmonowmta]… Kak tonako hamm bsnetadt, mx cpasy bctpeuadt Bf 109 m cbe- sɵbadt 6oem. Hamm haumhadt ygmpata bhms m [yxoget satem] ha aspogpom. Mpm stom mouemy-to bce bpeme kpytetce hag Pɵhkom, a mpotmbhmk 6om6mt mewgy weneshogopowhɵmm ctahymemm Bopomohobo m Fympak m yehtpanahyd uacta fo- poga.
C ytpa 5 cehte6pe ctabmtce ochobhae sagaua: mpmkpɵta hasemhɵe boucka mmehho b stom pauohe…, geuctbobata kpymhɵmm fpymmamm mog pykobogctbom komahgmpob monkob, sam. komahgmpob gmbmsmu mnm gawe komahgmpob abmagm- bmsmu. Kak tonako [hamm netumkm] ybmget paspɵbɵ sehmthɵx chapegob m [bpa- weckme] 6om6apgmpobymkm boctouhee Omɵthou Ctahymm, Epsobkm m cebephee stmx myhktob, hago cpasy chmwatace m yhmutowata stm 6om6apgmpobymkm.
¶ne yhmutowehme 6om6apgmpobymkob ot6mpata chaumepob – nyummx, ham- 6onee omɵthɵx netumkob – Fepoeb Cobetckofo Codsa, hammx acob. 3tmx ot6op- hɵx monogyob heo6xogmmo mpmkpɵta btopou m tpetaeu fpymmamm, uto6ɵ ohm
mpmmehehme bmgob abmaymm… Hmehho b te ghm TmmoØeu TmmoØeebmu ocyye- ctbmn cbod gabhdd meuty: mpmctymmn k cosgahmd cmeymanahou abmaymohhou uactm gne 6opa6ɵ c abmaymeu mpotmbhmka. uetumkob stofo mctpe6mtenahofo monka ocbo6owganm ot mpmkpɵtme ompegenehhɵx o6aektob mnm compobowgehme ygaphɵx camonetob gne tofo, uto6ɵ ohm geuctbobanm ha ham6onee bepoethɵx hampabnehmex moneta camonetob mpotmbhmka, bctpeuanm mx m yhmutowanm. Oc- hobou cobetckofo monka acob ctan 9-u fb. mam; ocehad cdga mepebenm hemano pesynatatmbhɵx 6ouyob ms gpyfmx monkob.
B cobetckmx khmfax mhofokpatho mpeybenmumbance peanahɵu yyep6 hempm- etene, uacto mpmbogmnmca mmØmueckme Øaktɵ, ykasɵbanmca hecyyectbydyme mmeha hammx bpafob. O6patmmce k gokymehtam abmafpymmɵ I/JG53, geuctbo- babmeu ha hampabnehmm fnabhofo ygapa hemyeb go 27 cehte6pe 1942 f. Hs hmx cnegyet, uto ywe b cepegmhe meceya umcno 6oefotobɵx mammh fpymmɵ he mpe- bɵmano monobmhɵ o6yefo umcna. Acɵ abmafpymmɵ bɵmonhenm mo 5–6 6oebɵx bɵnetob go saxoga conhya, m bce 6ɵnm cmnaho mepeytomnehɵ, a mhofme ctpaganm wenygouhɵmm 6oneshemm, cmnaho ocyhynmca, moxygenm. Mofm6nm mnm mpomanm 6es bectm b cehte6pe cema ms umcna 10–12 begyymx netumkob 19.
B saknduehme mpmbegem heckonako ymØp. Ecnm monasobatace cbegehmemm o BBC KA ms cobetckmx mctouhmkob, a ndØtbaØØe – ms hemeykmx, to mpotmb 522 6oebɵx camonetob, bknduae 303 mcmpabhɵx b coctabe 8-u BA m mpmgahhou 102-u mag MBO, ha 20 abfycta 1942 f. geuctbobanm 581 (363 6oefotobɵx) 8-fo fepmahckofo abmakopmyca 20. Cnegobatenaho, mpotmbhmk o6nagan he tonako cy- yectbehhɵm kauectbehhɵm mpemmyyectbom b 6oebou texhmke, ypobhe bɵyukm m mogfotobkm skmmaweu, ho takwe mmen konmuectbehhɵu mepebec. Mo goknagy b Mockby, 8-e BA sa cehte6pa nmmmnaca 210 camonetob (peanaho 6oname, mo- ckonaky he yutehɵ mhofme he6oebɵe motepm m motepm b pesynatate hanetob ha aspogpomɵ). Mogcuetɵ mo omepatmbhɵm cbogkam mpmboget k ymØpe motepa ha Ctanmhfpagckom hampabnehmm he mehee 600 6oebɵx mammh.
factem 4-fo hemeykofo bosgymhofo Ønota mpmmnoca cmmcata b tom we ceh- te6pe 223 camoneta kak 6oebɵe motepm m 133 kak he6oebɵe 21. Oghako ctpyktypa hemeykmx motepa cyyectbehho otnmuanaca ot cobetckmx: shaumtenahae uacta mammh mofm6na he b bosgymhɵx 6oex, a ctanm weptbou sehmthou aptmnnepmm, o6ctpenob c semnm. Bepoetho, 6om hemocpegctbehho ha Ctanmhfpagckom hampab- nehmm ctomnm mpotmbhmky okono 250 camonetob.
Oghako 6nafogape ofpomhɵm ycmnmem bceu hameu ctpahɵ, hapaymbabmeu b kpauhe tewenɵx ycnobmex bɵmyck 6oebou texhmkm, b tom umcne camonetob, mac-
«he ctechenmca», cmeno 6mnm 6om6apgmpobymkm mapamm. Hm katefopmueckm sa-
mpetmta bctymata b 6ou [c «meccepmmmttamm»]. 3a kawgofo c6mtofo 6om6apgm- pobymka mpegctabneta k mpabmtenactbehhou hafpage...» 18.
Fehepan Xpdkmh pemmtenaho mahebpmpoban hanmuhɵmm cmnamm, o6o6yan ham6onee mhtepechɵe mpegnowehme mogumhehhɵx, bhocmn msmehehme b taktmky
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18 ]AMO P8. 8. 346. Om. 5755. ¶. 10. u. 246 – 249.
19 Prien J., Stemmer G., Rodeike P., Bock W. Die Jagdfliegerverbaende der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945. Tl. 9/III. Eutin: 2006. S. 21 – 45.
20 Mogcumtaho mo: Kopey u.b. Cobetckme Boehho-bosgymhɵe cmnɵ b 6mtbe mog Ctanmhfpa- gom. M.: 1959. Bkn. 3.; KTB OKW 1942. Bd. II. S. 1321.
21 BA MA RL 2 III / 874 – 877; Hooton E.R. The Luftwaffe. A Study in Power 1933 – 1945. Hersham: 2010. S. 165.
cobou mogfotobkm monogɵx skmmaweu, mpmhetme mep, o kotopɵx pacckasɵbanoca pahee, coothomehme cmn b bosgyxe ha 6epefax Bonfm hauano mehetace. Hecmo- tpe ha mepe6pocky cdga b hauane okte6pe cbeweu 6om6apgmpobouhou sckagpɵ, hemyɵ nmmmnmca konmuectbehhofo mepebeca, cmnahae ytomnehhocta begyymx netumkob mpotmbhmka, oco6ehho efo acob-mctpe6mteneu, mpmbena k chmwehmd cobetckmx motepa mpmmepho b 2–2,5 pasa b okte6pe – hauane hoe6pe. Hakahyhe mctopmueckofo kohtphactymnehme ywe cobetckae ctopoha o6nagana gbykpathɵm mepebecom mog Ctanmhfpagom hag mpotmbhmkom. Ectectbehho, gahhoe o6cto- etenactbo ckasanoca ha ganaheumem xoge 6oebɵx geuctbmu, momofno b mtofe ogepwata 6necteyyd mo6egy.
OPVKEE CTAflEHFPA¶A
Henapeb Ponan Muxaunobuu
Pan6u6am ucmopuueceux naye,
be6y4uu nayunau compy6nue Tocy6apcmbennoso çenmpananoso mytee cobpe- mennou ucmopuu Poccuu
nanikin@sovrhistory.ru
yn. Tbepceae, 21, 125009, s. Moceba, Poccuuceae Øe6epaçue
Ahhotayme. Ctatae mobectbyet o konnekymm cobetckofo opywme mepmoga Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ, xpaheyeuce b Øohgax m mpegctabnehhou b skcmosmymm F]MCHP, a takwe o6 mctouhmkax mpomcxowgehme pasnmuhɵx skcmohatob stou konnekymm m ee momonhehmm.
Knduebɵe cnoba: opywme, kackm, mctouhmkm moctymnehme, skcmegmymm, mo- mckobae geetenahocta.
WEAPON OF STALINGRAD
Sheparev Roman Mikhailovich
Candidate of Sciences (History)
Leading researcher of the State Central Museum of the Modern History of Russia nanikin@sovrhistory.ru
21 Tverskaya Street, 125009, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract. The article narrates about the collection of the Soviet weapon of the period of the Battle of Stalingrad that is stored at the funds and presented at the exposition of the State Central Museum of the Modern History of Russia, about how this collection was formed and how it is replenished nowadays.
Key words: weapon, helmets, provenance, expeditions, search activity.
Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba 1942–1943 ff. mmeet cyga6ohochoe shauehme cpegm pemadymx cpawehmu Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ. Ctanmhfpag mocnywmn tou otmpabhou toukou, c kotopou hauanoca hempepɵbhoe ocbo6owgehme hammx okkymmpobahhɵx teppmtopmu. Mo6ega b Ctanmhfpage okohuatenaho moxopohmna mmØ o hemo6egmmoctm fepmahckmx bouck. Oteuectbehhae mctopmueckae hayka eye b xoge bouhɵ ctana ygeneta ofpomhoe bhmmahme msyuehmd xoga boehhɵx geuctbmu hemocpegctbehho ha mone 6oe. Ha teppmtopmd boehhɵx geuctbmu cpa- sy mocne 6oeb bɵexanm hayuhɵe cotpyghmkm mysee Pebondymm. B mx sagahme bxogmn c6op ha monex hegabhmx cpawehmu beyectbehhɵx mctouhmkob mo mcto- pmm 6mtbɵ. B konnekymm mysee otnowmnoca ompegenehhoe konmuectbo mpegme- tob, co6pahhɵx hayuhɵm cotpyghmkom mysee Pebondymm H. ]betkobou ywe b abfycte 1943 f. Cpegm hmx – ockonkm 6oempmmacob, kackm, opywme. B 1950-e fogɵ
myseu genan heoghokpathɵe momɵtkm momonhmta cbom Øohgɵ kak beyectbeh- hɵmm, tak m mmcamehhɵmm mctouhmkamm. B mkonax 6ɵnm yupewgehɵ otpegɵ momckobmkob, kotopɵe b pesynatate skcmegmymu haxogmnm mpekpachɵe o6pasyɵ beyectbehhɵx mctouhmkob ha mectax cpawehmu b Ctanmhfpage.
Hhctmtyt mctopmm AH CCCP momen eye ganame. B geka6pe 1941 f. b efo coctabe 6ɵna yupewgeha cmeymanahae Kommccme mo msyuehmd mctopmm Benm- kou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ mog pykobogctbom H. H. Mmhya. Cotpyghmkm stou kommccmm bɵeswanm ha mecta 6oeb hemocpegctbehho b geuctbydyyd apmmd. B xoge Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ cotpyghmkm kommccmm 6panm mhtepbad kak y ko- mahgmpob PKKA, tak m y 6ouyob. B hactoeyee bpeme b hayuhom apxmbe Hhctm- tyta poccmuckou mctopmm PAH cogepwmtce ofpomhɵu Øohg mhtepbad, bsetɵx b mepepɵbax mewgy 6oemm y takmx kpymheummx yuacthmkob Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ, kak B. H. fyukob, A. H. Pogmmyeb, H. H. udghmkob, H. 8. batdk, A. C. fyehob, M. A. Bogonafmh, B. T. Mpoxbatmnob m gpyfmx.
Mostomy mowho cgenata bɵbog o tom, uto b pacmopewehmm mctopmkob b ha- ctoeyee bpeme haxogmtce yhmkanahɵu m 6ofatɵu matepman, mogpo6ho ocbeya- dymu xog boehhɵx geuctbmu.
Myseu cobpemehhou mctopmm Poccmm pacmonafaet hemanɵm maccmbom mate- pmana mo Ctanmhfpagckomy cpawehmd.
Moctymnehme b myseu hauanmca hemocpegctbehho b xoge bouhɵ. Æpkmm mpm- mepom opywme saymthmkob Ctanmhfpaga ebneetce apmeuckmu how, msfotobneh- hɵu ha fopogckom saboge ¼ 91 b mepmog 1941–1942 ff. 1
Ha knmhke howa fpabmpobahhae hagmmca: «V6eu hemya». Mpmshakob tofo, uto stot how ebnence ctpoebɵm opywmem, mɵ he ha6ndgaem. 3to kyctaphoe, mtyuhoe msfotobnehme. 3Øec mmeet ybethyd mnactmaccobyd ha6ophyd Ømfyp- hyd pykoetky, kpectobmhy, msofhytyd b pashɵe ctopohɵ. Howhɵ msfotobnehɵ ms natyhm, ms gbyx cmaehhɵx monobmhok c mapmkom ha kohye. Beca bhemhmu bmg howa cbmgetenactbyet o tom, uto hag hmm gonfo tpygmnmca. Ctpoeboe opywme bcefga bɵfnegmt fopasgo mpoye. Bosmowho, hag hmm tpygmnce kakou-hm6yga cnecapa, uneh omonuehckofo mogpasgenehme hemocpegctbehho gne ce6e. How 6ɵn monyueh b Ctanmhfpage cotpyghmyeu mysee Pebondymm H. ]betkobou b 1943 f., mpaktmueckm mocne okohuahme apmeuckou omepaymm. Hemocpegctbehho- fo mpomcxowgehme howa mɵ he shaem. Oueha bosmowho, how mogapmn ]betkobou efo msfotobmtena, yuacthmk 6oeb.
Kpome howa uepes ]betkoby myseu monyumn heckonako kopmycob m ockonkob
Cotpyghmkm mysee heoghokpatho bɵeswanm b Ctanmhfpag b teuehme ge- cetmnetmu. Kawgae skcmegmyme momonhena Øohgɵ. Tak, b 1959 f. myseu mony- umn getana peaktmbhofo chapega (comno), bɵmyyehhofo ha cygopemohthom saboge bo bpeme o6opohɵ Ctanmhfpaga. 3 (Ctapmmu mactep saboga «Kpachɵu Okte6pa» F. Cokonob mogapmn mysed b 1959 f. cbou saymthɵu mnem o6pasya 1939 f.4 Mepeueha mowho mpogonwata.)
Mpotmbotahkoboe pywae cmctemɵ ¶eftepeba o6pasya 1941 f.5 6ɵno hauge- ho cotpyghmkamm mysee b pauohe mocenka Manɵe Poccomkm b 1959 f. bo bpeme skcmegmymm b Bonfofpag, kak m octob mpotmbotahkobofo pywae cmctemɵ Cm- mohoba o6pasya 1941 f. 6 Cyge mo coxpahhoctm, sto opywme mpomno 6om. MTP¶ mmeet mcmpabhɵu mexahmsm, ho he mmeet mepehochou pykoetkm, comek, o6- nmyobkm pykoetkm, mpmknaga, mpmyena. Metann hemhofo kopposmpobah. MTPC mpegctabneet co6ou pwabɵu octob 6es mexahmsma, c mofhytɵm ctbonom. Oh hecet ha ce6e cnegɵ bspɵba.
Eye oghmm mctouhmkom moctymnehmu ctana momckobae geetenahocta mmo- hepckofo otpega mockobckou mkonɵ ¼ 36. 3to mhofoumcnehhɵe ockonkm cha- pegob m 6om6, haugehhɵe mkonahmkamm b 1956 f. ha mectax 6oeb sa Ctanmh- fpag.
Hakohey, henase he otmetmta mogapkm mysed ot kohkpethɵx boehhɵx ge- eteneu, yuacthmkob Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ. 3to fepmahckmu tpoØeuhɵu abm- aymohhɵu koptmk o6pasya 1935 f.7 m camosapeghɵu mmctonet cmctemɵ bpay- hmhf o6pasya 1906 f. 8 Opywme mpmhagnewano fehepan-mauopy tahkobɵx bouck
B. M. bagahoby, komahgmpy 24-fo tahkobofo kopmyca.
24 geka6pe 1942 f. b xoge peuga b fny6okmu tɵn mpotmbhmka tahkobɵu kop- myc, kotopɵm komahgoban bagahob, pasfpommn ctahmyy Taymhckyd – fnabhyd 6asy cha6wehme okpywehhou 6-u monebou hemeykou apmmm m yhmutowmn kpym- heummu tɵnobou aspogpom bepmaxta, ha kotopom 6asmpobanoca 6onee 300 ca- monetob. Koptmk m mmctonet ctanm tpoØeemm B. M. bagahoba. Coxpahhocta mpegmetob mpekpachae, tonako ha fonobke sØeca koptmka saumyeho penaeØhoe mso6pawehme cbactmkm. Bo bpeme bouhɵ 6ɵna tehgehyme – yhmutowata ha tpo- Øeex haymctckyd cmmbonmky.
B 1959 f. mysed Pebondymm mogapmn cbou tpoØeuhɵu apmeuckmu koptmk fepmahckou apmmm o6pasya 1935 f. ¶. ¶. Ctemumkob, 6ɵbmmu mpegcegatena Tpaktoposabogckofo mcmonkoma paucobeta Ctanmhfpaga.9 C kpectobmhɵ kop- tmka takwe o6nomaho mso6pawehme cbactmkm.
mmh, 6om6. Hhtepeceh saymthɵu mnem o6pasya 1939 f.2 , msfotobnehhɵu gne
uacteu Kpachou Apmmm ha saboge «Kpachɵu Okte6pa», kotopɵu mpmhagnewan komahgmpy pa6ouefo otpega saboga, o6opohebmefo Ctanmhfpag b 1942–1943 ff., Cɵcepoby. Coxpahhocta mnema oueha xopomae, tak kak oh xpahmnce hemocpeg- ctbehho y Cɵcepoba.
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1 FHK 18947a.
2 FHK 18901
3 FHK 33162/50
4 FHK 33162/90
5 FHK 33162/433
6 FHK 42542/100
7 FHK 31641/554
8 FHK 31641/555
9 FHK 33162/287
Hs Mysee o6opohɵ Ctanmhfpaga b 1946 f. b myseu Pebondymm 6ɵnm mepe- gahɵ gbe tpexnmheuhɵe bmhtobkm, ogha o6pasya 1891 f.10 , gpyfae mogephmsm- pobahhae, o6pasya 1891/30 f.11 3to ochobhoe opywme PKKA bo bpeme bouhɵ.
Opfahɵ Ctanmhfpagckofo VB¶ mepeganm b myseu camosapeghɵu mmctonet cmctemɵ CZ o6pasya 1924 f. 12 Coxpahhocta mmctoneta mnoxae, oh mokpɵt cno-
Abuyxob Aneeceu Œpaebuu
Cogepwahme
em kopposmm, yeukm pykoetkm camogenahɵe, matepman yeuek moctoehho pasna- faetce. Cyge mo tomy, uto mmctonet mepeganm mysed opfahɵ bhytpehhmx gen, oh 6ɵn haugeh fpawgahamm (bosmowho, mkonahmkamm) m cha6weh yeukamm pykoet- km ms mogpyuhɵx matepmanob, satem 6ɵn kohØmckobah.
Hakohey, 6ecyehhɵm papmtetom ebneetce kommnekt xonoghofo opywme, co- ctoeymu ms kabanepmuckou mamkm PKKA o6pasya 1927 f. 13 m apmeuckofo howa o6pasya 1940 f.,14 msfotobnehhɵx ha 3natoyctobckom mhctpymehtanahom kom- 6mhate b mogapok H. B. Ctanmhy b 1943 f., b uecta mo6egɵ b Ctanmhfpagckom cpawehmm.
Hamka m how bɵmonhehɵ b tpagmymex 3natoyctobckmx snatokysheyob XIX
b. Opywme ykpameho xygowectbehhou pesa6ou mo metanny, mosonotou, sØec m howhɵ otgenahɵ cepe6pom, py6mhamm, xpmsonmtamm. Ha fonomehex knmhka mamkm bɵmonhehɵ penaeØhɵe mso6pawehme cdwetob Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ. Mosonota hamommhaet pa6oty shamehmtofo 3natoyctobckofo mactepa H. bymyeba XIX b.
Mpegmetɵ, xpaheymece b Focygapctbehhom yehtpanahom my- see cobpemehhou mctopmm Poccmm, ebnedtce 6ecyehhɵmm papmteta- mm mo mctopmm Poccmm, sagaua hayuhɵx cotpyghmkob coctomt bo bce- mephom mx msyuehmm, coxpahehmm m bbegehmm b hayuhɵu o6opot.
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10 FHK 20031
11 FHK 20032
12 FHK 33162/435
13 FHK 19775/1
14 FHK 19775/2
5baıyayme yehhocteu focygapctbehhofo 6ahıa CCCP mt Ctanmhfpaga
b abfycte 1942 foga....................................................................................................... 5
Avchukhov Alexey Yurievich
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