Duties of the Brahmacarin disciple
Vyasa said, ‘‘The Brahmacarin, holder of the staff etc., observing the rules for purity, when summoned by the preceptor, should carry on the study of the Vedas facing him.
The Brahmacarin while following the rules of conduct at the time of the dusk, continuously keep the hands lifted in reverence, and should seat himself before the preceptor facing him, when he is so commanded by him.
A disciple should not receive instructions from the preceptor while lying down, seated, taking food, standing at a distance, or turning his head backward.
The seat and bed of the disciple should not be arranged parallel to that of the preceptor and should be on a lower side a bit. In the presence of the preceptor, one should not be seated spreading his hands of his own accord.
Even in the absence of the preceptor, his name should not be spoken without his degrees, nor should the method of his speech or other activities be mimiced.
The place where the preceptor is denounced or condemned, the disciple should close both his ears, or otherwise he should leave the place.
While standing at a distance from the preceptor, or when he is in anger or in the company of his wife, he should not be adored. One should reply to his talk. In case of the preceptor remaining standing, the disciple should not sit down.
A disciple should always collect the water in the vase, Kusa-grass, flowers and the twigs for the use of his preceptor. He should help the preceptor in bathing and application of the sandal paste over the body. The disciple should not sleep over the discarded flower garlands of the preceptor. He should also not cross over the sandals, shoes, the seat and the shadow of the preceptor. He should never occupy the seat of the preceptor.
The disciple should collect the tooth-pick, and all his activities should be dedicated to the preceptor. The Brahmacarin disciple should not leave the place, without the permission of the preceptor and he should alway function for the welfare of his preceptor and perform the deeds which are liked by him. The disciple should not spread his legs before the preceptor.
Yawning, jokes, wearing garlands around the neck, clapping of the hands, speaking loudly are prohibited before the preceptor. The disciple should continue his studies, till the preceptor feels tired.
A disciple should get himself seated over a wooden seat only when he is so desired by the preceptor. While moving in a vehicle, sleeping, the disciple should not be seated with his preceptor.
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When the preceptor runs, the disciple should also do so, and while walking the disciple should also walk after him.
A disciple can not sit with the preceptor in a bullock-cart, a horse-carriage or the camel-cart, in the palace, or the stone rock or a mat or over the stone slab or a boat. A Brahmacarin has always to control his sense organs and the mind, should keep himself neat and clean and devoid of anger. He should always speak the sweet and welfare words.
A Brahmacarin, making all the efforts should avoid the fragrant flowers, sweet beverages, killing of the living beings, rubbing of the body, use of collyrium, use of umbrella, anger, greed, fear, sleep, slumber during day time, singing,
musical instruments, dancing, gambling, denouncing of others, staring at the ladies, attacking others, besides back-biting.
As per the requirement of the preceptor, the disciple should arrange for the water vase, cowdung, clay, Kus'a grass, and other things. Besides the above, he should go for begging alms regularly.
Не should discard all the items of the kitchen in which salt is used. He should also discard the stale food. He should not observe the dancing or participate in singing. He should neither sing nor listen to singing.
A Brahmacarin, should never look towards the sun, nor should be indulge in excessive cleaning of the teeth with tooth brush twigs. He should not talk with a woman of low castes and Siidras in a lonely place.
The disciple should engage himself in all such activities which are liked by the preceptor. He should do nothing of his own accord. The Brahmacarin should not take his bath by excessive rubbing of his body.
A Brahmana should never think of disowning his preceptor. One who disowns the preceptor due to greed or confusion, he has to face his fall.
The preceptor from whom a Brahmana, receives the worldly, Vedic or the spiritual knowledge, he should never become envious of him.
But in case the preceptor becomes arrogant, unmindful of his good or bad performance, moves on evil path, then one should disown him. This has been laid down by Manu.
When the preceptor of the preceptor is present, then one should adore him like his own preceptor. While living in the abode of the preceptor, then the respect should not be extended to the elders without his permission. fetT
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Similarly one should behave in his own family with those who prevent one from adharma and those who stand for the following of the noble path, like the preceptor.
One should behave like one’s own preceptor, with the sons of the preceptor, his wives, and with his relatives like his own preceptor.
A young disciple who respects the adorable persons, or the disciple engaged in the yajna practices, the son of the preceptor engaged in Vedic studies, are all adorable like the preceptor.
But one should be careful of the fact that one should not massage the body of the preceptor’s son, or bathe him or should not consume his left over food. His feet too should not be washed.
In case the wives of the preceptors are of the same varna, then they are adorable like the preceptor, but those of the wives of the
preceptor who do not belong to the same varna, should be honoured by welcoming them alone.
The application of the fragrant material over the body of the preceptor’s wife, to bathe her, to rub oil over her body or to comb her hair are strictly prohibited.
In case the preceptor’s wife is of youthful age, then one should not offer salutation to her touching her feet. Instead one should welcome her touching the ground and saying asau aham (This I am).
In case the disciple returns from some other place after a long absence, then keeping in view the conduct of the noble people, he should touch the feet of all the wives of the preceptor.
The mother’s sister, maternal uncle’s wife, mother-in-law, father’s sister, all are adorable like the preceptor’s wife because all of them are equal to the preceptor’s wife.
The wife of the brother belonging to the same caste, should also be respected daily by touching the feet every day. The women folk of the kinsmen and relatives should also be adored by every "Brahmana.
The sisters of the father as well as the mother, and one’s own elder sister should also be adored like the mother, of course the real mother is much more respectable than all of them.
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Thus, a disciple with excellent conduct, who has controlled his sense-organs, should be taught the Vedas, besides the religious treatises, Puranas, and the six Angas like grammer etc.
A disciple who, for the purpose of executing the studies, lives with the preceptor for a year, and still he received no perfect knowledge from the preceptor, then all the sins of the disciple get transferred to the preceptor.
The son of the preceptor, the one who serves the preceptor, the bestower of the knowledge, the religious minded one, the auspicious one well-versed in the interpretation of the Vedic Sutras, uninvoked, the noble possessing the ten noble symptoms, the one who studies according to dharma and the one who remains grateful, the one who is not treacherous, illustrious, the one who does good to others, the one who is trustworthy, and the dear one are the six dvijatis (Brahmana, Ksatriya and Vaisya), fit to be imparted knowledge in a befitting manner.
The knowledge of the Vedas should be imparted to them, besides those who have been mentioned elsewhere for the purpose. Performing Acamana, controlling oneself, and while facing to the north, one should carry on the Vedic study daily.
Getting seated at the feet of the preceptor, looking at his face, the disciple should say adhhisva' hho (Recite, О Sir). He should not keep on studying when the preceptor desires him to stop the same,
He should be seated according to his convience, getting himself purified by the tea- grass, and performing ргйпауата thrice for getting holy, one becomes fit for the uttering of Omkara.
О Brahmanas, at the conclusion of the study of the Vedas, Brahmanas should recite the orhkara mantra appropriately. One should be seated before the preceptor, with folded hands and then study the Vedas.
For all the living beings, the Vedas are the eternal divine sight. Therefore, all should study them regularly. By discarding the study of the Vedas, a Brahmana falls from his position.
The one who studies the rcas of the Rgveda and pleases the gods offering the milk, the gods getting pleased with the same, fulfil all the desires of the performer.
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A person who studies the Yajurveda daily, making the offering of the curd pleases the gods, and the one who studies the Samaveda, with the offering of the clarified butter, also pleases the gods. One who studies the Atharvaveda daily offering the honey, and Vedangas and the Puranas, propitiates the gods through meat.
A Brahmana, retiring in the forest, completely controlling his mind, should recite the Gayatrl mantra seated over the bank of the reservoir or a lake.
The reciting of the Gayatri mantra for one thousand times is considered to be the best, for one hundred times is the medium and for ten times is the minimum. The Gayatri mantra should be recited regularly. This has been called at Japa-yajha.
Once the lord weighed the Gayatri mantra and the Vedas in a scale. The Gayatri mantra was on one side of the scale, while all the four Vedas were on the other side.
Both the sides were equal in weight. Initially Orhkara is to be recited. Thereafter, bhUh, bhuvah, svah etc. should be recited, Gayatri is recited thereafter. One should recite the same, with full faith and great concentration of mind,
In the fomer Kalpa, there emerged three great eternal Vyahrtis, bhiih, bhavah, svah. All of them bestow welfare.
(a) Pradhana, Purusa and Kala, (b) Vishnu, Brahma and Mahesvara, (c) Sattva, Rajas and Tamas, are the three vyahrtis in their order.
Orhkara happens to be the supreme Brahman and Savitri (Gayatri) happens to be the imperishable one. This mantra is known as Mahayoga and is the essence of all essences.
Savitri is the mother of the Vedas and a person who adores her daily, and the Brahmaearins who recite the same mantra, well understanding its meaning, they achieve the supreme place.
Gayatri happens to be the mother of the Vedas and purifies the universe. There is no other recitation better them Gayatri. One who well realises the same, he can never be reborn. О Best of the Brahmans, on the full moon day of the month of Sravana, Asadha and Bhadrapada, the recitation of the Vedas has been prescribed.
For two and a half months since that date, discarding the village or the city, Brahmacarin should go to an auspicious place and should study the Vedas with a concentrated mind.
During the Pausa month, the external ritualistic conclusion of the Chandas (Vedas and metres) should be performed. О Brahmanas, on the arrival of bright fortnight of Magha, on the first day, the metres of forenoon should be recited. The Vedangas and the Puranas should be recited in their respective constellations. These should be recited daily. But time which is unfit for studies should be discarded. Even during the period of recitation, the days which are unfit for the purpose should left out.
When the blowing sound of the wind reaches the ears in the night, together with the dust, or there be flash of lightning or the thundering of the clouds, the fall of rains or the fall of stars, or other disturbances are witnessed, then the Vedic studies should be stopped. This has been ordained by Prajapati himself.
Thus when there is a disturbance in the sky, or in case of the earthquake, or there is the fall of stars from the sky, the entire period should be considered as unfit for studies. When the fire of homa is burning, and there is the flash of lightening with the thundering of the clouds, then the studies should be stopped. Or when the stars appear during the day time, or the clouds appear in the sky without the rainy season, then no studies are carried out.
Those who are desirous of excellence in Dharma should not resort to studies, where there is bad smell around or there is pollution in the environment. In case there is a dead body lying in village, the studies should not be carried out. Besides the studies should not be made in the presence of an outcaste or in a crowd of people.
One should not even mentally think of Vedic studies in water, at dead of night, while discharging urine and faeces, one is defiled by remnants of food and one who has partaken of Sraddha food.
A learned Brahmana should not repeat Vedic Mantras for these days. After accepting the invitation for the funeral dinner, when the king has Sutaka (impurity due to birth or death of relatives) and when there is Raliu’s Sutaka (eclipse), he should not recite Vedic passages for three days. When even a particle of the food of the Ekoddista-s'rdddha (funeral dinner) remains in the body of a Brahmana, he should not resort to the study of the Vedas.
The Vedas should not be recited while sleeping, raising the feet, or sitting with a cloth round the knees. After consuming the meat, consuming the food offered by persons with impurity, in the misty weather, at the time of the fall of the arrows, during the time of both the Sandhyas, the recitation of the Vedas should not be made.
During the new moon day, on the fourteenth day of the fortnight, on the full moon day, and on the eighth day of the moon, at the time of Upakarma-samskara (start of an exercise) and at the time of Utsarga, for one day on the Astaka days and last day of the seasons, the cessation of Vedic studies is recommended. There are three Astaka days mentioned by learned men. They fall on the eight day during the dark half of the months of Margaslrsa, Pausa and Magha. Under the shade of the trees such as Slesmataka (Cordia Latifolia), Salmali (silk- cotton tree), Madhuka (Baslia Latifolia), Kovidara (Bauhinia Variegula), and Kapittha (Feronia Elepthantum), one should never engage himself in studies.
At the death of a class fellow, or at the death of a Brahmacarin, the inactivity in the study of the Vedas has to be observed. At the death of the preceptor, the studies should be stopped for three nights. The non-study days which have been prescribed above, are holes (vulnerable points) for the Brahmanas, because during those times, one might have to face attack from the demons. Therefore, they days should be discarded. The activities of daily routine should continue but the performing of the Sandhya should never be dispenced with.
For Upakarma, for completing a perfonnance already commenced and Нота recitals, there is no Anadhyaya. During the Astaka-sraddha when the wind is blowing strongly, one hymn of the Rgveda, Yajurveda or Samaveda can be recited. The discarding of the reciting of Vedangas, Itihasas, Puranas and Dharma-s'astras is not allowed, but on the festival day their recitation should be stopped. Thus I have narrated the duties of the Brahmacarins in brief, which had been narrated by Brahma in the earlier times to the ftps.
O Brahmanas, those, who instead of studying the Vedas, study the other scriptures, they become great fools. Such a person who is outcast from the Vedas, should not be allowed to converse with the Brahmanas. О Brahmanas, one should not be satisfied with the reciting of the Vedic hymns. In case a Brahmana, engaged in the study of the Vedas does not possess the noble conduct, he has to suffer like a cow caught in the swamp. One who studying the Vedas appropriately, does not interpret the same correctly, his entire family is equated with the Sudras and becomes unfit to receive charities.
In case a Brahmana, feels desirous of living in the abode of the preceptor, then such a faithful person, concentrating his mind throughout his life should serve the preceptor or otherwise retiring in a forest, perform homa in the fire as per prescribed method, and should study the Vedas faithfully with a devoted mind reciting the Guyalrl-mantra or Satarudrlya and the Vedangas. He should take bath daily applying ashes over the body.
The aforesaid method is the best in achieving of the Vedic knowledge, which has been spelt out by me to you. Svayambhuva Manu in the earlier times had recited the same to the Rishis who had requested for the same.
Dedicating himself to the lord, a person who conducts himself according to the procedure laid down above, he getting free from the delusion of the world, becoming unblemished, achieves moksa which bestows total welfare.
Chapter 15
Duties of householders
Vyasadeva said, “O Brahmanas, each and every Brahmana, should have mastery over one, two, three or all the four Vedas. After studying these Vedas, and having mastery in their true interpretation, the Brahmacarin should again take his bath.
Thereafter, he should offer riches to his preceptor as daksina, and again take a bath with the permission of the preceptor. The performer of Brahmacarya possesses all strength becoming competent, and deserves the holy ablution.
Thereafter, he should carry a danda of a bamboo. Then he should wear a kaupln, a dhoti or upper garment, two yajnopavltas and kamandalu (water-pot) with water.
Besides that, an umbrella, clean turban, sandals, and two gold kundalas (earing) should be worn by him. He should carry the Vedas. Removing the hair and the nails, he should purify himself.
He should daily engage himself in study of Vedas and should not wear the garland outside. He should wear garland of Kancana flowers and not of the red flowers.
He should be clad in the white garment, filled with fragrance and should extend a pleasing look for the people. If he is wealthy, he should never wear the lorn out or dirty clothes.
He should not use costumes of dark colours like red and others. The cloth, shoes, the water- pot, the garland or the sandals used by the others, should never be used.
The yajhopavlta, ornaments, besides the skin of a black antelope used by others should not be wear by him. He should also not be clad in the defonned costumes.
Thereafter, he should marry a girl who is not suffering from any defect of the womb and is quite beautiful to look at and belongs to the same varna and is quite auspicious.
Such a girl should not be bom in the gotra of the mother nor of the similar Rsi gotra. Thus a Brahmana should marry an auspicious girl who is quite humble, possessing all the virtues.
Till she gives birth to a son, only upto that time a person should have sexual relations with her during the prescribed period. Even during that time the union with her should not be resorted to on the prohibited days.
The forbidden days are the sixth, eighth, twelfth, fourteenth, and fifteenth days of the lunar fortnight. A Brahmana, controlling all his senses, should observe Brahmacarya.
The Brahmacarin, after turning as a householder, should perform homa daily consecrating the Avasathya fire (one of the five sacred fires to be kept in the house), and perform all the holy vows.
He should perform all the deeds prescribed in the Vedas. In case he does not do so, then he rapidly becomes fallen and goes to the terrific hell.
He should practice the recitation of the Vedas regularly, performing the Mahayajnas occasionally. He should also perform the karmas as prescribed in the Grhyasutras, besides the sandhyopasand or the evening prayer.
He should make friend the people of his own or the higher castes, and should always adore Ishvara. He should be devoted to the gods and should bedeck his wife with the ornaments.
The self-established dharma should not be revealed to anyone else and his own sins should not be concealed. He should move for his self welfare and should be compassionate on all the living beings.
According to the family tradition, he should conduct himself as per his deeds, riches, knowledge of the scriptures, and the family bondages, unite the Vedas, the speech and intelligence and then spend his life accordingly. The conduct propounded by the Srutis and Smrtis, and the noble people should always be followed. Except that the conduct of no other people should be established or followed.
Because it is said that the path followed by the parents or the grandparents, is as per the provision of the scriptures, the people of nobility should follow the same path and by doing so, they shall cross the ocean of the worldly existence.
One should be regularly studious and should always wear yajnopavlta. The truthful person who has overcome the anger, he would be fit enough to be the form of Brahman.
The one who takes bath and performs Sandhya daily, Brahma-yajna, who is not envious or jealous, having the sweet temperament, and the householder who has overcome his sense organs, he flourishes in heaven after death.
Leaving the attachment, fear, anger, greed and confusion, by reciting the mantra of Gayatrl, the householder who performs the Srdddha is freed from the world.
The one who is engaged in the welfare of the parents, besides the cows and the Brahmanas, perform charities, and yajnas, devoted to the gods, he is established in the Brahmaloka.
A householder should always follow three aims of life, dharma (virtue), artha (wealth) and kama (love), and should also bow in reverence regularly to the gods.
A person who is always thoughtful, and is of forgiveable nature besides being compassionate, such a person is considered to be the true householder. A person by building a house and living therein does not gain the position of a householder.
The characteristics of a Brahmana includes, to forgive others, be compassionate, earn knowledge by experience, be truthful, full control over his sense organs, and interest in the spiritual knowledge.
The excellent Brahmanas should not neglect them and should perform as per their capacity. They should discard the deplorable activities.
Eschewing the confused state of delusion, and by attaining the best of Yoga, a householder is freed from the bondage of the worldly existence. There could be no two opinions in this regard.
The ability to endure the defects originated from others’ anger, such as disrespect, violence, binding, transgression and killing, it is called forgiveness.
An action by which a person himself feels painful, when the same feelings are experienced by others. This has been spoken by the great Rishis as the kindness or mercifulness. This is the source of dharma.
To achieve the knowledge of the fourteen lores, viz., four Vedas, six Vedangas, Puranas, Nyayasastras, Mlmansa and Dharmasastras, in a realistic manner is known as Vijhana (perfect knowledge), which increases the dharma.
Studying the Vedas appropriately and well understanding the relevant interpretations, the one who neglects the religious duties, his knowledge cannot be equated with vijndna.
He conquers the world by truthful means alone. Truth is the excellent region. This has been ordained by the people of learnings that narration in the same order in which something has happened is truthfulness.
The control of the sense organs, self restraint, and the control of the mind is Dama. Sama emerges from the pleasure of the intelligence and the Adhydtma (spirituality) should be treated as eternal, reaching a stage when a person does not have to grieve.
The knowledge by which, one can have face to face with lord Mahadeva, the same is known as jhana or knowledge,
The one who always has faith in him, the truthful one, the learned person who does not resort to anger, auspicious, and the performer of the great yajnas, can only achieve the said knowledge.
The body is the abode of dharma and therefore, should be well maintained making all the efforts. A person without a body cannot achieve lord Rudra.
Controlling one’s own mind, a Brahmana, should devote himself to dharma, artha and kama. But kama and artha devoid of dharma should never be conceived.
Following the dharma, when one has to face the pain, even then one should not resort to evil ways. It is dharma alone, which leads one to the lord and is the goal of all creatures.
All the living beings should also be good to others and should not be jealous of others. One should not denounce the Vedas and the gods and one should not talk to such people who indulge in the same. A Brahmana, who purifying himself, goes through this chapter on dharma, or recites it, he gets adored in the Brahmaloka.
Chapter 16
Duties of a householder
Vyasa said, “No living being should be killed and one should never speak untruth. One should not speak damaging words and the words which offend others. One should not steal things of others.
A person who steals even the grass, vegetables, lump of clay, a plant or water, he surely falls in the hell.
No Brahmana should accept charities from a fallen king, a Sudra or any other fallen person. A person with wisdom should avoid being a suppliant in front of a blameworthy person.
One should not beg charities daily nor should one beg from one and the same person again and again. The evil-minded beggar will deprive him of his life there-by.
An excellent Brahmana, should not steal the property of the deity. A Brahmana should, not steal reaches even in emergency because a poison in all the situations is called a poison only. Therefore, the wealth of a Brahmana is considered to be the poison. Similarly the riches of the gods should also be discarded making all the efforts.
A person who receives the flower, vegetables, water and firewood, besides fruit and roots without being specifically given, it amounts to theft. This has been ordained by Manu.
The Brahmanas can take the flowers for the adoration of the gods, but even the flowers should not be collected without the permission of the owner.
Similarly, the intelligent person, should accept the hay, firewood, fruit and the flowers, openly in the presence of others, for the purpose of religious rite only, failing which he falls in the hell.
Still, О Brahmanas, those well-versed in the dharma have prescribed this procedure, that while walking on the road, when feeling hungry, a fist full of sesamum seeds, green gram, and barley can be received without the permission of the owner, otherwise not.
Even otherwise, on the pretext of dharma committing a crime is a sin, and one should resort to repentance exercise. A Brahmana who conceals his sins by means of holy rites and depends on womenfolk and Sudras, is despised here and hereafter by the expounders of the Brahman. The Vrata which is performed by him deceitfully, the reward of the same goes to the Raksasas, who enjoy the same.
The one who actually is not an ascetic, but earns his living pretending to be an ascetic, he shall incur the sins of the ascetics and is reborn as a lower animal.
The religious hypocrites and impostors who perform the deceitful vratas like a cat, they indeed are sinful, become the destroyer of the dharma and they fall in the hell because of their sins.
The deceitful people, those who work against the scriptures, those who indulge in wrong actions, followers of Pancaratra doctrine and Pasupata doctrine, should not be extended respect even verbally.
Those who are engaged in the denouncing of the Vedas, or deriving pleasure in the denouncing of the gods and the Brahmanas, should not be kept in mind.
By perfonning their yajhas, or having matrimonial relations with them, or to live with them, or to converse with them, results into the fall of a person. Therefore, one should cut off all the relations with them.
By being treacherous to the preceptor, it would be crores of times more sinful then being treacherous to the gods. The denouncing of the jnana (knowledge or a knowledgeable person) and becoming an athiest or a non believer is crores of times more sinful than that.
The sale-purchase of the cows or the bulls, paid service of deities, and to serve the king for earning livelihood, make the people to fall from their grace, besides the loss of dharma.
By marrying a denounced spouse, with the disappearing of the religious activities, nonstudy of the Vedas, insulting the Brahmanas, the people in the race have to face their fall.
By speaking falsehood, committing adultery, by consuming the forbidden food, and by the following of the non-vedic religious practices, the family perishes in no time.
Similarly the race and the caste get lost by the giving away of the charities to Asrotriyas (not well-read in the Vedas), Siidras, or the people who conduct themselves, against the scriptures.
One should not live in the place infested with irreligious people or in the village infested with various types of epidemics or in the kingdom of a Sudra king or in a place inhabited by heretics.
The pleasant region falling between the Himavan and the Vindhya region, and the region between the eastern and the western oceans are the places where a Brahmana should reside. He should not live in any other regions.
Or otherwise the excellent Brahmana, can live within half a krosa (1 krosa = 3 km.) of the holy river. He should not live anywhere else. He should not live in the village of the low caste people.
Similarly, with the people who have fallen from dharma, or the Candalas, people of the Pukkasas caste, the foolish people, or those who are proud, people of the degraded castes, or their neighbours; the Brahmanas should never live there.
Tо sleep with such people over the same bed, or to sit with them, to take food with them, sitting in the same line, to eat in their utencils or to mix the cooked food in them, to perform their yajnas, to teach them, or to have matrimonial relations with them, taking of food together, studying together, are the eleven blemishes, which are caused by the mingling of the castes, known as Sdrhkarya Dosas.
Not only this, by having close contacts with these people, their sins are infested, therefore the wise people, making all the efforts, should disown the people of the mixed breed.
But if some people are seated with them in the same row, and do not touch one another or the limits are drawn by means of ashes, then one does not attract any demerit.
Thus with the fire, ashes, particularly with the water, making one stand at the gate, raising a pillar, or by creating an obstruction, the row can be separated.
The enmity with anyone should not be developed without any reason, nor should one quarrel without any cause or resort to backbiting others. In case, a cow is grazing in some one’s field, the fact should not be told to anyone.
One should not sleep with anyone with the impurity of birth. One should not touch the sensitive spot of anyone else. The disc around the sun, the rainbow, the burning fire of the funeral pyre, and the solar disc should not be discussed with anyone. A learned man shall never indicate and mention the moon. One should not pick up controversies with the relations or others.
A thing which is contrary to one’s liking or is not liked by some one, the same thing should not be extended to others. None should speak about the Tithi of the fortnight, or the constellations.
The best of the Brahmana should not talk to a woman in period and also should not talk to the unclean person. No one should prevent anything from being given to Devas, preceptors or Brahmanas.
One should not indulge in self praise, nor should one denounce others. Making all the efforts, one should avoid blemishing Devas and the Vedas.
Because, О best of the sages, a Brahmana, who denounces other Brahmanas, the gods, Rishis, and the Vedas, no repentence has been prescribed in the scriptures for such a person in this world.
A person who denounces the preceptors, the gods and the Vedas with their branches, he has to fall in the terrific hell for a crore of kalpas.
Similarly when they are denounced, the listener should keep quiet, giving no reply and covering both the ears with his hands, he should leave that place. One should not look at the one who denounces.
A person with wisdom, should not open one’s secrets before others and should not enter into argument with his own relatives.
О Best of the Brahmanas, one should not point out the sinner as a sinner or a sinless person. In either case he will be equally guilty of sins such as that of uttering falsehood.
When a person weeps after the levelling of the false allegations on him, and the tears which fall with his weeping, destroy the sons and animals of those false accusers.
The one who indulges in the killing of a Brahmana, drinking of wine, or develops illicit relation with the wife of the preceptor, the repentence for the same can be there, but a person who levels the false allegation, no atonement has been prescribed for him.
The rising sun or the rising moon should not be witnessed by anyone without any reason. The sun and the moon should not be looked at, while setting, their reflection in the water, or their having been freed from the eclipse or in the centre of the sky.
Similarly, one should never look at the sun or the moon with the covering of the cloth or their reflections in the mirror. One should never look at the nude man or a woman.
Similarly, one should not see anyone passing urine or discharging faeces. One should also not look at the couples engaged in sexual exercise. Accordingly, the learned persons should not look at the sun and the moon, or a planet, when he is unclean.
Similarly, one should not look at the fallen, handicapped, Candala, and the people defiled by Ucchista. When one is himself defiled by Ucchista, then he should not glance at others arrogantly.
A person should not be touched who has touched the dead body or should not look at the angry face of the preceptor, one’s own reflection in the water or the oil, one should not touch one’s wife during dinner or while her limbs are exposed due to untying of knot, besides the mad and elated person.
One should never take food with one’s own wife. When she is urinating, snnezing, yawning, seated comfortably over a seat, she should not be looked at.
Irrespective of one’s face being auspicious or inauspicious, its reflection should not be seen in the water. The urine of any one should never be crossed, nor should one stand over the same.
No Brahmana should give advice to a Siidra, because he would not be fit for the same. He should not be given Krs'ara (rice cooked with gingelly seeds), the milk-pudding, curds, leavings, ghee or the honey. Similarly, he should not be given the skin of the black buck or the Havis.
No person of learning, should make the Stidra to perform the vrata or should advise him on dharma. He should not be angry with him and should discard the jealousy or attachment. The greed, arrogance, fault-finding with others, denouncing of the learned people, pride, confusion, fury and the jealousy should be discarded.
One should not cause pain to anyone, but for the sake of good, the son or the disciple can be scolded. One should never take refuge with a degraded person, nor should he do so with the extremely clever person.
A wise person should not denounce himself nor should he develop the inferiority complex in himself, making all the efforts. The persons superior to oneself should not be humiliated nor should one develop doubts in himself.
The nails should not be rubbed on the ground. One should not cohabit with a cow. One should not talk about the other rivers while bathing in one and while wandering over a mountain, he should not talk about the other mountains.
At the time of going to bed or at the time of taking the food, one’s companion should never be left out. One should not take bath naked in the water and one should not walk over the fire.
After rubbing oil on the head, the same should not be applied over the other limbs. One should not play with the serpent or a weapon, nor should the sense organs be touched with them.
The hair on the secret parts should not be touched and one should not keep company of an unclutured fellow. One should not place the hands or the feet in the fire.
Similarly one should not play with penis, belly and the ears in any way, nor should one create sound from the nails or any other limb of the body. One should not drink water with folded hands.
One should not strike the water with the hands and the feet. One should not pluck the fruit with the striking of the stones or the fruits themselves.
One should not learn the language of the Mlecchas (alien tribe), and the seat should not be dragged with the legs. One should not create dissension among friends. A wise person, should not crack the finger joints or snap the fingers. One should not cut or scrape unnecessarily. The sensible man should not thrash aimlessly. The eatables should not be consumed keeping them over the lap. One should not make useless movements of the limbs.
l.One should neither dance nor sing unecessarily, nor should he unnecessarily play on the musical instruments. One should not rub the other’s head with fingers of both the hands.
The gods should not be adored with the worldly hymns, nor should an attempt be made to please them with medicines. One should not play with the dice. One should not ease or drop faeces into the river water.
One should not go to sleep in unclean condition, and should not take a bath without robes. One should not walk, reading and touching his head.
The nails and hair should not be cut with the teeth. The sleeping person should not be woken up. One should not sit in the morning sun shine. One should avoid the smoke of the burning dead body.
One should not sleep alone in a lonely house, and should not carry his shoes himself, one should not spit uselessly and one should not cross the river on the strength of his arms.
One should never wash his feet with his own feet. A learned person should not warm up his feet in fire. The legs should not be washed in a bronze vessel.
One should not disregard the gods, Brahmanas, cows, the wind, the fire, the preceptor, besides the sun and the moon.
To sleep, to travel, to study the Vedas, to take food without bathing and to set out from the house in an unclean state, is prohibited.
To sleep, to study the Vedas, to travel, taking of food, walking and excrement, should not be performed at both times of Sandhya as well as at miday.
A Brahmana defiled by Ucchista should not touch with his hands the cows, Brahmanas, and the fire. No one should touch the cooked rice and the idols of the gods with his feet. 4K4|9)lfHtlcbd:IB9^ll One should not serve the fire or the Gods or the Rishis when he is in an unclean condition. One should not enter the deep water for bathing and should not touch any one of his limbs with fire.
One should not drink water raising his left hand, nor should he drink with the mouth directly. One should not reply without the performing of Acamana rite. The semen should not be dropped into the water.
One should not cast into water an unclean thing, the blood, the poison, etc. One should not cross a river and should not have sexual intercourse in water.
One should not cut a tree in a monastery, one should not spit in water. One should not consign the ashes, relics, skull, the hair, thorns, paddy husk, fire coal, and the dry balls of cowdung.
A wise person should never cross the burning fire, nor should he keep it anywhere beneath.
No sensible man should kick it with the leg now blow it with the mouth.
The unclean person should not climb over the well nor should be peep into it lowering the head. The fire should not be dropped into the fire and should not be extinguished by water.
No one should convey the news of the death of one’s friend to others. The articles which are unfit for sale due to its quality should not be utilised for merchandise.
The intelligent person, should not ignite the fire with the puffing of the air from his mouth, when he is unclean. He should plough a land in a holy centre, near water or on the border of a -village.
One should not break an earlier agreement accompanied by a promise. One should not invite the animals, serpents, birds, etc. to fight among themselves.
One should not create obstructions for others, by means of water, air, and sunshine. An artisan who having performed good work, should not be dispensed without making adequate payment of the wages to him. Similarly those who arrive for begging alms in the morning or at the evening times should not be denied the alms.
One should not wear a garland outside. The use of the fragrant material got from outside, taking food with the wife, voilent controversy, or entry from a horrible gate should be avoided.
A learned Brahmana, should not eat food while standing and one should not spend time in excessive talking and laughing. One should not touch the fire with one’s own hand and one should not remain in the water for a long time.
The fire should not be ignited by generating the wind with a wing, hand or a winnowing basket. The fire should be ignited with the puffing of the air with the mouth.
A Brahmana should not talk to other’s wife and the one who is not competent to perform the yajna, he should not be made to do so. A Brahmana should not go alone to an assembly, and should do so with one or two people and not with a crowd. One should never enter a shrine of a deity in anti-clockwise direction.
One should not fan with a cloth. A person should not sleep in the temple of a god. One should not undertake a journey alone; now should he travel with unrighteous people.
One should not travel in the company of an ailing person, the Sudras or the fallen people. One should never travel without wearing the shoes or without taking the water and other requisites.
One should not travel with an enemy during the night, or without carrying a kamandalu. One should also not go between fires, cows or Brahmanas etc.
О Best of Brahmanas, one should never transgress a woman longing for sexual intercourse. The Yogins, the virtuous ascetics and Siddhas should never be denounced.
A wise person, should not cross the shadow of the images of the gods, the Brahmanas or the cows, intentionally.
Similarly one should not allow his own shadow to be crossed by the degraded people or the ailing persons. One should not stand over the burning fire, ashes or the hair or other similar things.
О Brahmanas, the dust of the broom, the water that remains in a vase after washing clothes or taking bath, should not be used. Similarly, the prohibited stuffs should not be consumed and the beverages which are unfit for drinking should not be used.
Chapter 17
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