It was found out that when a person died his body continued to live for some time.
XII. 1. Прочтите текст Е. 2. Напишите план текста. 3. Найдите: а) инфинитивы, определите их функции и переведите предложения; б) предложения на правила согласования времен и переведите их.
Text E. The Lecture on Muscles
Yesterday the students of our group came to the Institute to listen to a lecture on muscles. The lecture was attended by all of us. The lecture was delivered by Prof. Smirnov. To listen to it was very interesting. Prof. Smirnov was the first to tell us about the anatomical terms.
The names of all the muscles in the body and all other anatomical terms were established at three с ongresses in Basel ['bazəl], Jena ['jeina] and Paris. In 1895 the Basel Nomina Anatomica¹ was introduced; in 1935 it was greatly changed at the Congress of Anatomists in Jena. But the anatomical terms which were established at that Congress were not used in the USSR. In 1955 the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris established new universal anatomical terms, the so-called Paris Nomina Anatomica.
In his lecture Prof. Smirnov said that the body was composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. The students learned that in the adult about 35-40% (per cent) of the body weight was formed by the muscles. According to the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles were divided into the muscles of the trunk, bead, and extremities.
When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the form of the muscles he said that all the muscles were divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles; the free extremities were formed by the long muscles; wide muscles lay on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities were formed by wide muscles.
Some muscles were called according to the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors ( разгибающие мышцы ), or according to their direction, for example oblique ( косая ).
When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the structure of the muscles he said that the muscles were formed by a mass of muscle cells, the muscular fibers were connected together by connective tissue, the blood vessels and the nerves were in the muscles.
Great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the functions of the muscles. Three basic methods of study were used: experimental work on animals, the study of the muscles on a living human body and on the corpse.
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Their work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion ( движение ) and contraction.
Note 1 the Basel Nomina Anatomica - Базельская анатомическая терминология
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
XIII. Form the adjectives from the verbs by the suffix -ive:
Connect, act, collect, relate, contract, protect.
XIV. Translate into Russian paying attention to the meanings of the words in bold type:
I found an interesting article on eye operations in this journal. 2. The found article was written by the well-known eye doctor. 3. The group of scientists found their method on numerous experiments. 4. The researchers found out that infectious diseases were caused by different agents. 5. Robert Koch was the first scientist who found the agent of tuberculosis.
XV. Translate these sentences paying attention to the words ʽwhich̓, ʽwho̓:
The new universal anatomical terms which are now used all over the world were established at the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris in 1955. 2. The muscular fibers which are connected together by connective tissue and a mass of muscle cells compose the muscle.
Prof. Smirnov who delivered the lecture on muscles introduced the new material on muscular motion and contraction.
XVI. Substitute the Russian words in brackets for the English ones:
Two new subjects were ( введены ) in the second term. 2. I ( разделил ) the text into two parts to learn it better. 3. After his disease the patient changed greatly because his ( вес ) became less. 4. There are many ( кровеносных сосудов ) in the human body. 5. We can walk, run and jump because of the ( сокращение ) of the ( мышц ). 6. Our blood is ( состоит ) of white and red ( клеток крови ). 7. Research work helped the scientists to ( установить ) the agents of many diseases.
XVII. Make these sentences interrogative. Translate them:
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The atlas on Anatomy was composed by R.D. Sinelnikov. 2. These children will be given vitamin therapy. 3. The chest of the patient is examined by the doctor. 4. At this clinic the operations on the skull are carried out successfully.
XVIII. Pick out the sentences in Past Indefinite Passive:
Dissecting the corpse the students separated one muscle from the other. 2. On the corpse one muscle was separated from the other by the stu dents. 3. The doctor was treated by many specialists as he was badly ill himself. 4. The doctor treated his patients successfully.
XIX. Pick out and translate the sentences with the Infinitive used as an attribute:
He can perform this operation in the morning. 2. My friend was the last to come to the lecture. 3. He wants to determine the direction of muscular fibers. 4. Microbiology is one of the most interesting subjects to study.
XX. Translate the following sentences:
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