I Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-ый абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста.
Types of Buildings
1. Types of buildings depend upon social formations and may be classified according to the role in the community. The types of buildings may be domestic, educational, office, industrial, recreational, etc. The type and the function of a building govern its design, building materials and techniques. But the common and necessary conditions are: (1) its suitability to use by human beings in general and its adaptability to particular human activities (2) the stability and permanence of its construction.
2. Speaking of residential construction we must say that the apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions. Group housing provides home for many families and is at once public and private. The techniques of construction or the methods by which structures are formed from particular materials are influenced not only by the total technological development of society.
3. The evolution of techniques is conditioned by two factors: one is economic – the search for a maximum of stability and durability in building with minimum of materials, labour and time; the other is expressive – the desire to produce meaningful form. Techniques evolve rapidly when economic requirements suggest new expressive forms or when the conception of new forms demands new procedures.
4. Large hosing programs have tended to stimulate technological change in the building industry. Craft operations at the building site are being replaced by mechanized operation at the factory and houses are increasingly becoming assemblages of factory-made elements. Windows and doors, once made and fitted by carpenters at the site now arrive from a factory fitted and finished with hardware and glass, ready to be set in place. Modular design (i.e. design in which the elements are dimensioned in combinations of a fixed unit) has led to standardization of elements, interchangeability of parts and increased possibilities for mass production, with resultant economies. A wide variety of mass-produced elements from which substantial portions of the house can be assembled are now available. Examples are kitchen cabinets and mechanical equipment and window and door units. Entire apartment assemblages are available and are being used to an increasing extent. These techniques aim at a higher output of better structures at lower cost.
5.The high degree of mechanization and standardization is successfully achieved by reinforced concrete blocks and units. Reinforced concrete home are produced by a variety of construction methods. Various methods of constructing reinforced concrete houses involve extensive use of large sections manufactured in heavily mechanized factories and erected at the site.
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II Прочтите 5-ый абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
How is the high degree of mechanization and standardization achieved?
Контрольная работа № 5
(для специальностей СФ)
Вариант 2
I. I Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1 – го по 7 – ой абзацы текста.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 4, 5, 6 абзацы текста.
Residential and Industrial Buildings
1. In technically developed countries the building industry, comprising skilled and unskilled workers in many trades, building engineers and architects, managerial staff and designers employs a considerable proportion of the available labour force.
2. Building industry including residential public and industrial construction holds a considerable place in the National Economy and is being carried on a large scale. It is the largest single industry in the country. The problems of construction have grown into major, political issues in most countries.
3. The ever growing housing demands have brought to life new methods of construction with great emphasis upon standardization, new levels of technological advance utilizing such techniques as offsite prefabrication, precutting, use of reinforced concrete panels and large-scale site planning. At present, prefabricated structures and precast elements may be classified into two principal groups—for residential houses and industrial buildings.
4. Present-day designs for residential construction envisage all modern amenities for a dwelling, they advocate larger, better built and better equipped flats and houses. There is a marked improvement in the heating and ventilating systems as well as in hot-water supply, kitchen and sanitary fittings. Many tenants now can afford better furnishings, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. A house which is a physical environment where a family develops is acquiring a new and modern look.
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5. Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction. This type of construction involves factories, laboratories, food processing plants, mines, office buildings, stores, garages, hangars and other storage facilities, exhibitions halls, etc.
6. Each of these functions demands its own structural solution and techniques. But in general they may be divided into two classes according to whether the plan must give greater attention to the size and movement of machinery or of persons. The building techniques (by techniques we mean building materials and methods) depend upon the types of buildings.
7. Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls and prefabricated standardized mass produced parts. Steel was gradually substituted for iron and permitted wider rooms and larger windows. Windows can be enlarged to the extent that they constitute a large fraction of the wall area.
III. II Прочитайте 3 – ий абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
What two principal groups of prefabricated structures and precast elements do you now?
Контрольная работа № 5
(для специальностей СФ)
Вариант 3
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