III . Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. If they receive all the necessary equipment they will be able to start the
experiment on Monday.
2. If they had not thrown everything they could overboard, the balloon would have
never reached the French coast safely.
3. It would be impossible to fly an air balloon without filling it with hot air.
Пояснение к тексту:
Etienne and Joseph Montgolfier - Этьен и Жозеф Монголефьер
Rozier - Розье
Arlandes - Арланд
IV . Прочтите и устно переведите с 1 по 6 абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,3,4 абзацы.
THE FIRST BALLOONS
1. Etienne and Joseph Montgolfier lived in the eighteenth century in a little village in France where their father had a paper factory. The two brothers took paper bags from their father, filled them with smoke over a fire and watched them go up into the air.
2. After numerous experiments they were ready to show how their balloon worked. On the day of the flight people from different places came to the little village to see the spectacle. The brothers had constructed a bag some thirty feet in diameter. That big bag was held over a fire. When it was filled with hot smoke, it went high up into the air. It was in the air for ten minutes and then, as the air bag became cold, the balloon went slowly down.
3. The news about the experiment reaching the king, he wanted to see it himself. So on September 19, 1783 the King and Queen of France watched the Montgolfier brothers repeat their experiment. This time the balloon carried a cage with a sheep, a cock, and a duck who were thus the first air travellers. The flight was successful. The balloon came down some distance off with the sheep, the cock and the duck completely unharmed (невредимый).
4. If the animals could live through this, men could risk too. A month later a balloon was sent up with a Frenchman, Rozier by name. He stayed up in the air for twenty-five minutes at a height of about one hundred feet above the ground, and then came down, saying that he had greatly enjoyed the view (вид) of the country.
5. A month later he and Arlandes made the first free balloon flight. Their friends who came to say good-bye to them were very sad as the two men seemed to be going to certain death, but they went up several hundred feet, were carried by the wind over Paris, and came down in safety.
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6. In 1785 a Frenchman and an American crossed the English Channel in a balloon. Having covered three quarters of the way the balloon began to go down. They threw everything they could overboard. They even undressed and threw away practically all their clothes. If they had not done it, they would have never reached the French coast safely.
V . Прочтите 5 абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий
вопрос :
How many people took part in the first free balloon flight?
Контрольная работа № 5
(для специальностей ЭФ )
Вариант 1
I Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 7-ой абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 5,6,7 абзацы текста.
Capital
1. Capital is a man-made resource. Any product of labour and land which is reserved for use in the further production is capital.
2. Capital was created when people began to make simple tools and implements to assist them in the production of food, the hunting of animals, and in the transportation of their possessions.
3. It might be helpful at this stage to deal with the confusion which commonly arises over the meanings of three important terms: capital, money, and wealth. Capital, as already indicated, meansany produced means of production. Wealth is quite simply the stock of all those goods which have a money value. Capital, therefore, is an important part of the community's wealth.
4. Money is a claim to wealth. From the standpoint of the community as a whole, money is not wealth, since we can not count both the value of real assets and the value of the money claims to those assets. From the point of view of the individual citizen, however, money represents a part of his personal wealth since he sees it as a claim on assets held by other people. To the individual business person, therefore, any money he possesses he regards as capital since it gives him a claim on resources now possessed by others. We must be quite clear, however, that money is not part of the national wealth.
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5. Capital is usually divided into two types: that which is used up in the course of production and that which is not.
6. Working capital consists of the stocks of raw materials, partly finished goods held by producers. These stocks are just as important to efficient production as are the machines and buildings. Stocks are held so that production can proceed smoothly when deliveries are interrupted and so that unexpected additional orders for finished goods can be met without changing production schedules. This kind of capital is sometimes called circulating capital because it keeps moving and changing. Materials are changed into finished goods which are then exchanged for money and this in turn is used to buy more materials.
7.Fixed capital consists of the equipment usedinproduction — buildings, machinery, railways and so on. This type of capital does not change its form in the course of production and move from one stage to the next — it is 'fixed'.
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