II Прочтите 3-ий абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
What does capital mean as already indicated?
Контрольная работа № 5
(для специальностей ЭФ )
Вариант 2
I Прочтите и устно переведите с 1 -го по 4 -ый абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,4 абзацы текста.
The sole proprietor
1. This is the simplest and the oldest form of business enterprise and often referred to as the one-person business. A single person provides the capital, takes the decisions, and assumes the risks. He or she is solely responsible for the success or failure of the business and has, therefore, the sole rights to such profits as may be made, or, alternatively, bears the sole responsibility for such losses as may accrue. The one-person business is still far more numerous than any other types of business organization, but in terms of total output employment, value of capital employed, or value of total output, it is relatively unimportant compared with the joint stock company.
2. The strength of this type of firm lies in the direct personal interest of the proprietor in the efficiency of his enterprise. Ownership and control are vested in one person who enjoys all the fruits of success and hence has a great incentive to run the firm efficiently Since the proprietor is the sole decision — taker and has no need to consult colleagues when changes of policy are required we should expect this type of organization to be extremely flexible and capable of quick and easy adjustment to changes in market conditions.
3. The great disadvantage of the sole proprietor from an enterprise lies in the fact that the owner is personally liable for the debts incurred by his firm and his liability is unlimited. All his personal possessions are at risk and may be seized to meet creditors demands in the event of the business becoming insolvent. Another disadvantage of this type of firm is the strict limitation of its ability to acquire capital for expansion. Finance is restricted to the amounts which the entrepreneur is able to provide from his own resources and whatever sums he can borrow on his own security.
4. We find the one-person business prevalent in farming, retailing, building, repair and maintenance work, and personal services such as hairdressing.
II Прочтите 3-ий абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
What is the great disadvantage of the sole proprietor ?
Контрольная работа № 5
(для специальностей ЭФ )
Вариант 3
I Прочтите и устно переведите с 1 -го по 4 -ый абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3,4 абзацы текста.
Planned economics
1. Planned economies are sometimes called "command economies" because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions, the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult, very complicated to do, and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.
2. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation isto produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all.
3. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.
4. A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It does, however, have a number of advantages:
- Everyone in society receives enough goods and services to enjoy a basic standard of living.
- Nations do not waste resources duplicating production.
- The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to wherever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that everyone receives a good education, proper health care or that transport is available.
- Several disadvantages also exist. It is these disadvantages that have led to many nations abandoning planned economies over recent years:
- There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economies.
- Any profits that are made are paid to the government.
- Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely come forward.
- As a result, industries in planned economies can be very inefficient.
II Прочтите 1-ый абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
What kind of economics are planned economies?
Контрольная работа № 5
(для специальностей ЭФ )
Вариант 4
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