The Syntactical Functions of Participle I
| Functions | Patterns | Notes |
| Predicative | My friend’s story was amusing. | Participle I is usually rendered into Ukrainian by an adjective. |
| Attribute | The smiling faces of children failed to cheer him up. The train arriving on the platform 4 is one hour late. | |
| Part of a complex object | I could hear the wind whistling all night. | This construction with Participle I corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Ukrainian. |
| Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (manner) | He was standing at the bridge admiring the beautiful view. | |
| Adverbial modifier of cause (reason) | The book being written in simple English is suitable for beginners. | |
| Adverbial modifier of time | While doing his homework John was interrupted several times. | |
| Adverbial modifier of comparison | She blushed as if being asked something rude. | |
| Parenthesis | Speaking frankly I consider the plan to be unwise. |
The Syntactical Functions of Participle II
| Functions | Indicators | Patterns |
| Predicative | After the link verbs: to be, to seem, to look, to remain, to grow, to turn, etc. | My question to him remained unanswered. We were very shocked when we heard the news. |
| Attribute | Some roads were blocked by fallen trees. The story told by the man fascinated me. | |
| Part of a complex object | after the verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc. after the verbs denoting wish: to desire, to want, to wish, etc. after the verbs: to have, to get, to make. | He always found himself surrounded by admiring readers. We have never heard his opera sung in Italian. I want it done by tomorrow. Jill has her roof repaired. You must make your news known. |
| Adverbial modifier of time | Usually after conjunction when | When given a dictionary he translated the article at once. |
| Adverbial modifier of condition | After if, when | If insisted I will gladly come to your house. When seen in this light, the matter doesn’t seem so serious. |
| Adverbial modifier of comparison | After as if, as though | He stood as though struck by my words. |
| Adverbial modifier of concession | After though | Though impressed by the news, he didn’t show it. |
Constructions with the Participle
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The Objective Participial Construction
It is the construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case; e.g. I saw him working in the library.
The participle working is in predicate relation to the pronoun him, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle. In the Objective Participial Construction Participle I Indefinite active or Participle II is used. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.
The Objective Participial Construction may be found:
1. after the verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc.
e.g. I found my friends waiting for me.
We heard him coming home.
I saw the car starting.
I watched my mother cooking dinner.
We felt the weather changing, wind getting stronger.
I heard my name called.
2. after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand, etc.
e.g. I consider myself engaged to Peter.
We consider the problem solved.
3. after the verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire, etc.
e.g. He wanted his article typed.
I want it done tomorrow.
In this case only Participle II is used.
4. after the verbs to have and to get (only Participle II is used).
e.g. He had several books brought.
My sister had her coat altered.
You can get your clothes made in Europe.
I want to have my hair cut.
The Subjective Participial Construction
It is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence; e.g. They were heard talking together. The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate. This construction is chiefly used after verb of sense perception.
| Smb smth | is was will be can be | seen heard found left kept | doing smth |
| smth | is was will be can be | found left considered believed seen | done |
| Smb smth | is was will be can be may be | considered called elected chosen named made | clever a beauty over |
E.g. The girls were heard playing in the garden.
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The father and the son were seen cycling.
She was seen crossing the street.
She was kept waiting for a long time.
The boat was considered lost.
The lesson can be considered over.
She may be made your boss.
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