The Paradigmatic Structure of the Simple Sentence.
Until recently syntax has been studied from the point of view of its syntagmatic relations and the syntagmatic structure. Sentence was viewed as a linear unit.
Contemporary linguistics is showing a trend of revealing a paradigmatic structure of syntax. Paradigmatic relations are the relations of opposition of certain forms, oppositional forms, these forms correspond to certain meanings, these meanings correspond to a certain category.
When constructing a sentence we use the particular patterns.
S + Pred – declarative sentence
S + Pred + Obj – declarative sentence
AuxV + S + Not V – interrogative sentence
Pred + S – interrogative general
(S) + Pred – impersonal
Obj – exclamatory
These patterns can be regarded as paradigm. The relations between these sentence patterns can be characterized as the derivational ones. One pattern can be regarded as a transformation of another. A question is regarded as a transformation of an affirmative sentence.
To start the process of derivation we should find a basic element of syntagmatic derivation – it’s called elementary sentence, kernel sentence.
Derivation is a process of paradigmatic production of complex patterns of the simple ones:
# I saw him come.
This sentence consists of two kernel sentences so the sentence is a transformational combination of two kernel patterns.
Subj obj subj
[N1 - V1f - N2 ] + [N2 + V2f] à
Pro pro pro
[N1 + V1f + N2 + V2inf]
A process of forming a sentence can be understood as a set of transformation steps:
1) morphological arrangement – changes expressing syntagmatic relevant categories such as tense, voice, mood;
2) functional expansion – various uses of functional words
# He thinks so/ He does think so.
3) substitution
# My friends often go there à They often go there.
4) positional arrangement – changing word order
# She’s got a dog à Has she got a dog?
5) intonational arrangement – we apply various tones and accents.
Derivational procedures applied to kernel sentences involve it into two types of derivational relations: constructional and predicative.
Constructional derivations expresses nominative notional semantics of the sentence. Within the system of constructional derivation kernel sentence turns into clauses and phrases. The process of transformation of a kernel sentence into a clause is called clausalisation.
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# The tree has grown tall. We get more shade à kernel sentences.
In a process of clausalisation we can get a great number of new sentences.
#If the tree grows tall, we can get more shade. When the tree grows tall, we can get more shade… etc.
These sentences express different meanings.
The process of clausalization involves the use of conjunctive words: and, but, though, etc.
A kernel sentence can be transformed into a phrase or same predicative construction. This process is called nominalization.
Nominalization shows the nominal aspect of the sentence.
# The train arrived à the arrival of the train.
This case is a case of complete nominalization. Some phrases cannot be formed from the sentences.
# The boy translated the text à the boy translating the text – gerundial construction – it’s partial nominalization.
Nominalization results in forming simple or semi-composite sentences.
# On his arrival we started the discussion. We went home the job finished à semi-composite with participial construction.
Predicative functions:
Being a part of predicative system sentences are changed to express their predicative functions, relations of the nominative value to reality.
Predicative functions are divided into two types: - lower – expression of morphological categories such as tense, voice, etc; - higher – expression of evaluation.
There is a list of predicative functions, which are presented as an opposition:
1) statement – question;
2) statement – inducement
3) affirmation – negation;
4) reality – unreality;
5) fact – probability;
6) fact – type of reaction;
7) emotional neutrality – emphasis etc.
Each opposition has marked an unmarked elements.
The sentence is loaded if it has a great number of marked members.
Composite Sentences.
Qs:
1. Structural Types of sentences
2. Transitional constructions
3. A composite sentence as a poly-predicative construction.
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