Different approaches to the analysis of the sentence (traditional grammar, structural linguistics, transformational-generative approach, semantic syntax).



The app-s are called sentence models.

1. parts of the sentence model or the sentence parts model; (traditional approach).

2. the distributional sentence model; (belongs to structural linguistics)

3. the IC model or the model of immediate constituents; (belongs to str. linguistics)

4. the transformational generative sentence model; (doesn’t belong, but relates to structural linguistics)

5. the models of semantic syntax.

3,4,5 – have 1 thing in common: they disregard meaning, they aim at formalization of the struture of the s-ce. They are contrasted to semantic syntax which takes meaning into account.

1. The parts of the sentence model. (traditional approach). - It comprises 2 stages of analysis. 1st stage - the principle and the secondary parts of the sen-ce are singled out. 2nd stage - of analysis we have got to indicate what this or that part of the sen-ce is expressed by and in what form it is used.- (e.g. Spring has come. - "Spring" is exp-ed by a sg. N. and a pred. is exp. by the Pr. Perf. Act. form of the verb.)

2. The distributional sentence model - The author - Charles Fries. The theory shows the structure of the s-ce as a succession of words representing diff. classes, which are used in certain gr. forms. The structure of a s-ce is represented in symbolic way.

3. IC (immediate constituents) model - Bloomfield, Nida, Wells and Pike. This model represents the structure of the sentence not as a linear succession of words but as a hierarchy of levels. At each stage of analysis the sentence is split up into two ICs, which are of maximum length.

4. the Transformational S-ce Model or Generative Sentence Model – Chomskyб monograph "Syntactic Structures". This model investigates relations btwn various s-ce patterns. It shows that the pattern of each s-ce is derived from this or that basic s-ce "pattern”, which is called the kernel s-ce (an elementary s-ce model whose structure can’t be derived from other more elementary constructions. In English there are only 7 kernel s-es. (NV, NVpN, NVN, N is N, N is pN, N is D (adv), N is A). More complex pattern constructions can be built from kernel sentences with the help of transformation rules:

1) Permutation (перестановка);

2) Substitution (замена);

3) Adjunction (дополнение);

4) Ellipsis (опущение).

5. the models of semantic syntax – takes meaning into account. 3 approaches belong to the Semantic Syntax:

1) belongs to traditional gr. The semantic side of the s-ce was considered in logical terms because it pointed out the log. subj. & the log. pred. of the s-ce as constituent parts of a log. judgement.

2) syntax of referents - contemporary linguists look at the s-ce as a linguistic sign, because it nominates a situational event. The semantics of parts of the s-ce can be studied from this point/o/v. It studies the referential meanings of parts of the s-ce.

3)The actual division of the s-ce (the functional s-ce perspective) - Матезиус. This approach shows the correlative significance of sentence parts, and it distinguishes btwn the 2 s-ce parts:the theme and rheme. The theme expresses smth. already known. It is a starting point of communication, while the rheme expresses smth new. It is the communicative center of the utterance.

The principal parts of the sentence.

Historically the theory of actual division of the sentence is connected with the logical analysis of the proposition. The principal parts of the proposition, as is known, are the logical subject and the logical predicate. These, like the theme and the rheme, may or may not coincide, respectively, with the subject and the predicate of the sentence. The logical categories of subject and predicate are prototypes of the linguistic categories of theme and rheme. However, if logic analyses its categories of subject and predicate as the meaningful components of certain forms of thinking, linguistics analyses the categories of theme and rheme as the corresponding means of expression used by the speaker for the sake of rendering the informative content of his communications. Sentences can be classified on the basis of main (principal) parts presence in the sentence: two-member and one-member sentences.

In a sentence like Helen sighed - two main parts: Helen -the doer of the action and is called (grammatical) subject, and sighed - the action performed by the subject and is called (grammatical) predicate. Sentences having this basic structure are termed two-member sentences. There are also one-member sentences with only one main part: the other main part is not there and it could not even be supplied (Fire! Come on!)

It is a disputed point whether the main part of such a sentence should, or should not, be termed subject in some cases, and predicate, in others. This question has been raised with reference to the Russian language. Academician A. Shakhmatov held that the chief part of a one-member sentence was either the subject, or the predicate, as the case might be (for example, if that part was a finite verb, he termed it predicate). Academician V. Vinogradov, on the other hand, started on the assumption that grammatical subject and grammatical predicate were correlative notions and that the terms were meaningless outside their relation to each other. Accordingly, he suggested that for one-member sentences, the term "main part" should be used, without giving it any more specific name. Maybe this is rather a point of terminology than of actual grammatical theory.

One-member sentences should be kept apart from two-member sentences with either the subject or the predicate omitted, i. e. from elliptical sentences .

 


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