Basic notions of text grammar as one of the new branches of linguistics. Texts as forms of discourse existence.
Is a complex syntactic unity of sentences based on the structural, semantic and communicative cohesion.
The text is the product of speech activity which makes it possible to differentiate between the text and the discourse. Discourse is process of speech activity. Then text is a unit of language and the discourse is a phenomenon of speech. Text – 2 or more sentences to too many volume of words, so there are 2 types of texts – micro and macro texts.
Microtext - Supra-phrasal units, dicteme
Macrotext - A story, novel…
Each text is characterized by cohesion – finds its manifestation: semantic, syntactic, pragmatic;
Semantic cohesion means the unit of central theme, syntactic – parallel constructions, elliptical sentences, substitution, representation and other means. Pragmatic communicative cohesion – construction of semantic and syntactic chains which form the functional perspective of the text.
The general idea of a sequence of sentences forming a text includes two different notions. On the one hand, it presupposes a succession of spoken or written utterances irrespective of their forming or not forming a coherent semantic complex. On the other hand, it implies a strictly topical stretch of talk, i.e. a continual succession of sentences centering on a common informative purpose. It is this latter understanding of the text that is syntactically relevant. It is in this latter sense that the text can be interpreted as a lingual element with its two distinguishing features: first, semantic (topical) unity; second, semantico-syntactic cohesion.
The problem of text grammar and stylistics:
The text has been recently included in the sphere of grammatical description of the most generalized aspects of its form and semantics. Grammar studies the text from the point of view of its formation by lingual means.
Text stylistics should be differentiated from the literary term in the sense that the text stylization is a combination of stylistic features which are natural and vital for any kind of speech.
The main categories of the text and the means of their expression.
The main text category is its integrity or wholeness. It’s realized in the form of semantic, structural and communicative integrity, which correspond to content, form and function. CONTENT/SEMANTIC INTEGRITY. Content is info of the whole of the text. All info is structurally organized into a hierarchy of themes: microthemes, combined into macro themes. STRUCTURE. The arrangement of the text content into a hierarchy of themes determines the structural organization of the text. From the point of view of structure, the text falls into SPUs – the main structural text units. SPU comprises a number of sentences, occasionally there can be 1 sentence, which forms a semantic, structural and communicative unity. SPU – semantic unity, characterized by a common theme. It’s a communicative unity – it possesses a common communicative intention, it’s a structural unity because all the sentences are structurally interdependent. SPUs can differ in their significance: predicative and relative SPUs. Predicative contain more important info, while relative – less important info. Rather large text can be analyzed in terms of hierarchy of SPUs, since there is a hierarchy of themes. There are micro SPUs containing micro themes, and macro SPUs made up of micro SPUs. There are SPU of different order. COMMUNICATIVE INTEGRITY (to inform, to urge). 1) Can be analyzed in terms of hierarchy of communicative intention, which can vary in smaller units, can be super imposed on each other. There is always one communicative intention which dominates. 2) Can be analyzed in terms of functional perspective which is related to the actual division of the sentence but applied to the text level. It carries out text segmentation into themes and rhemes.
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As a result of comparing the sentence with the supersentential constituents (or supraphrasal unities) of the text, the notion of the elementary text unit called the `dicteme' is developed. A text may have the form of a dialogue, or a monologue, or both, but the two forms have a common feature: a communicative direction. The main categories of the text: as a result of comparing the sentence with the supersentential constituents (or supraphrasal unities) of the text, the notion of the elementary text unit called the ‘dicteme’ is developed.
The supraphrasal unity, sometimes also called the ‘cumuleme’ is an immediate accumulation of sentences of the coordinating type. The dicteme is an elementary unit of text topicalization, which is formed by sentences. It may coincide in volume with a sentence, a supraphrasal unity, or a paragraph.
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