Перепишите предложения, используя пассивный залог.
Model:
Sometimes people break laws.
Laws are sometimes broken by people.
1. Police investigate crimes.
2. The State Duma makes laws.
3. Courts resolve disputes.
4. Police arrested a criminal yesterday.
5. The Parliament has already passed the law.
6. Some laws provide for benefits for workers injured.
7. Informal rules of conduct already existing in society often form government-made laws.
Раскройте скобки и выберите правильную форму глагола.
1. Law (defines, is defined) as a rule of human conduct, imposed upon and enforced among, the members of the state.
2. Laws (codified, were codified) in many countries.
3. Laws (are enforced. have been enforced), and such enforcement usually (carries out, is carried out) by the state.
4. A defendant (refuses, refused) to obey law, so he (is punished, was punished).
5. Law (has, have) several aims which (concern, are concerned) mainly with making society more stable.
6. If people (disobey, will disobey) the rules the law (threatens, is threatened) them with something unpleasant - often called a sanction.
7. In England there (is, are) a rule that a man must not wear a hat in church or that one must stand up when “God Save the Queen”(plays, is played).
Замените в предложениях глагольные формы в активном залоге на пассивные, как указано в примерах, и переведите их на русский язык.
Examples:
MODEL 1 The constitution defines the federative structure of the Russian Federation.
The federative structure of the Russian Federation is defined in the
Constitution.
MODEL 2 The constitution defined the federative structure of the Russian Federation.
The federative structure of the Russian Federation was defined in the Constitution (several years ago, yesterday, two days ago, the day before yesterday).
MODEL 3 The constitution will define the federative structure of the Russian Federation.
The federative structure of the Russian Federation will be defined in the Constitution (one of these days, tomorrow, in a week, in several months).
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen.
2. The Constitution defined the Russian Federation as a secular state in 1993.
3. The Constitution contains the text of the oath taken by the President of the Russian Federation.
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4. The Constitution determines the extent of the jurisdiction of the Russian Government.
5. The Constitution established the principles of independence, irremovability and immunity of judges when it was adopted.
6. The Constitution will regulate the issues of local self-government in a year.
7. Part 2 of the Constitution contains Transitional and Final provisions.
В английском языке существует группа так называемой интернациональной лексики. К ней относится, например, слово “legal”. О значении слов этой группы нетрудно догадаться, так как в русском языке есть однокоренные аналоги. Однако в специализированной литературе интернациональные слова могут образовывать терминологические словосочетания (клише), отличные от их однокоренных аналогов.
Правовой
~ document – правовой документ
~ obligation – правовое обязательство
~ system – система права
Судебный
~ action –судебный иск
~ costs – судебные издержки
~ decision –решение суда
~ procedure – судопроизводство
~ remedy – средство судебной защиты
Законный
~ government – законное правительство
~ foundation – законное основание
~ owner – законный владелец
Юридический
~ person – юридическое лицо
~ profession – профессия юриста
~ advisor - юрисконсульт
~ ethics - профессиональная этика юриста
~ department – юридический отдел
~ language – юридический язык, язык юристов
~ aid - юридическая помощь
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Переведите на русский язык следующие английские предложения, обращая внимание на словосочетания со словом “legal”.
1. To the rest of the world the English legal profession is very strange because historically there were two types of lawyers: barristers and solicitors.
2. Every legal system has many shortcomings.
3. Criminal charges and divorce are normally seen as matters needing legal help and advice.
4. Not every accident victim has a legal remedy. Some accidents are nobody’s fault.
5. There is a large information gap in people’s awareness of their legal rights.
6. Such legal knowledge as people had come largely from newspapers and television.
7. The new Community Legal Service aims to provide legal information as well as legal advice and representation.
8. Newspapers regularly carry frightening stories about losers in legal actions who face bills of thousands of pounds.
9. Legal costs of the lowest income group are paid by the state.
10. Legal aid is usually granted as long as financial test is satisfied.
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