Read the text again and choose the correct answers for questions (1–4) below.

shape memory

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1.	Smart materials change when
	a	the weather changes.
	b	something affects them.
	c	the light is switched on.
2.	Plastic threads are used for
	a	sewing.
	b	stitching.
	c	knitting.
3.	Medical implants made from shape memory alloys are good because
	a	they save lives.
	b	they change colour.
	c	they are easy to put in.
4.	Climbing ropes with liquid crystals change colour to
	a	warn you.
	b	amuse you.
	c	make you heavy.

(“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 6, pg.7, ex.3)

Complete the definitions (1-8) below with the highlighted words in the text.

1.	An __________ is something medical that is put inside the body, for example - a heart valve.
2.	You need a good __________ to think of new and interesting ideas.
3.	The ‘__________’ means the first or earliest.
4.	__________ are materials made from mixing two metals.
5.	To ‘__________’means to become bigger.
6.	To ‘__________’ means to change because something else happens.
7.	The __________ is everything around a person or thing.
8.	To ‘__________’ means to make smaller.

(“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 6, pg.7, ex.4)

6. Answer the following questions to the text:

1. How many types of smart materials are there?

2. Which type appeared first?

3. Why are metal alloys expensive?

4. Why do these materials change their shape?

5. What does medicine use these materials for?

6. What are the spheres these materials widely used in?

7. Why are these materials called “smart”?

7. Match the following words:

implant imagination body alloys mixture shape materials( x 2) inside uses

8. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with a suitable word:

1. Brass is an ______________ of copper and zinc.

2. Brass doesn’t _____________ to water.

3. Smart materials can return to their ________________ shape.

4. Metals ______________ when they are heated.

5. ____________________ is the ability to create pictures in your mind.

6. Smart materials are called so, because they react to changes in their ________________.

7. Medical ______________ is usually _______________ and put inside the patient’s body.

8. Bricks are hold together with the help of a __________________ of cement and water.

9. Smart materials have good shape ________________ .

10. “Smart materials” is the human _________________ of the twentieth century.

Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this part with the help of “ACTIVE VOCABULARY” section.

Part II

SMART MATERIALS (1)

Read the following text and fill in the gaps. Use the words given in boxes:

temperature materials types magnetic properties

Smart materials are ( 1) __________ that have one or more ( 2) __________ that can be significantly changed in a controlled manner by external stimulation, such as stress, ( 3)__________ , moisture, pH, electric or ( 4) __________ fields.

There are different ( 5) __________ of smart materials, some of which are already common. Some examples are as following:

environment produce changes field from shape

Piezoelectric materials are materials that ( 6) __________ a voltage when stress is applied. Suitably designed structures made ( 7 ) __________ these materials can bent, expand or contract when a voltage is applied.
Shape memory alloys and shape memory polymers are thermo-responsive materials where deformation can be seen in case of temperature ( 8) __________.
Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their ( 9 ) __________ in response to a significant change in the magnetic ( 10) __________.
pH-sensitive polymers are materials which collapse when the pH of the ( 11) __________ changes.
Temperature-responsive polymers are materials which changes depend on temperature.

pressure metal opacity colour sunlight response electrical

Halochromic materials are commonly materials that change their colour as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change ( 12 ) __________ to indicate corrosion in the ( 13) __________ underneath them.
Chromogenic systems change colour in response to ( 14) __________, optical or thermal changes. These include electrochromic materials, which change their colour or ( 15) __________ on the application of a voltage (e.g. liquid crystal displays), thermochromic materials change in colour depending on their temperature, and photochromic materials, which change colour in response to light - for example, light sensitive sunglasses darken when used in bright ( 16) __________ .
Non-Newtonian fluid is a liquid which changes its viscosity in response to an applied shear rate (to shear = to become twisted or break under pressure). In other words the liquid will change its viscosity in ( 17 ) __________ to some sort of force or ( 18) __________ .
Ferrofluid
Photomechanical Materials change shape under exposure to light.

SMART MATERIALS (2)

Read the text and fill in the gaps. Use the words given in the box:

solid design alloys changed special shape technology properties type smart

Science and ( 1) __________ have made amazing developments in the ( 2) __________ of electronics and machinery using standard materials, which do not have particularly ( 3 ) __________ properties (i.e. steel, aluminum, gold). Imagine the range of possibilities, which exist for special materials that have properties scientists can manipulate. Some such materials have the ability to change ( 4) __________ or size simply by adding a little bit of heat, or to change from a liquid to a ( 5) __________ almost instantly when near a magnet. These materials are called ( 6) __________ materials.
Smart materials have one or more properties that can be changed. Most everyday materials have physical ( 7) __________ , which cannot be significantly altered; for example if oil is heated it will become a little thinner, whereas a smart material with variable viscosity may turn from a fluid which flows easily to a solid. Different smart materials already exist, and are being researched extensively. These include piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, and shape memory ( 8) __________ . Some everyday items are already incorporating smart materials (coffee pots, cars, the International Space Station, eyeglasses) and the number of applications for them is growing steadily.
Each individual ( 9) __________ of smart material has a different property which can be significantly altered, such as viscosity, volume, and conductivity. The property that can be ( 10) __________ influences what types of applications the smart material can be used for.

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMA)

Read the text and choose the best heading (A, B, C) to each part:

A. Applications of Shape Memory Alloys.

B. What are Shape Memory Alloys?

C. Advantages and Disadvantages of Shape Memory Alloys

I. _____________________________

Shape memory alloys (SMA's) are metals, which exhibit two very unique properties, pseudo-elasticity, and the shape memory effect . Arne Olander first observed these unusual properties in 1938, but not until the 1960's were any serious researches made in the field of shape memory alloys. The most effective and widely used alloys include NiTi (Nickel - Titanium), CuZnAl, and CuAlNi.

II. ____________________________

The unusual properties mentioned above are being applied to a wide variety of applications in a number of different fields. The shape memory effect is currently being implemented in:

coffee pots
the space shuttle
thermostats
hydraulic fittings (for airplanes)

Some examples of applications in which pseudo-elasticity is used are:

eyeglass frames
bra underwear
medical tools
cellular phone antennae
orthodontic arches

III. ___________________________

Some of the main advantages of shape memory alloys include:

bio-compatibility
diverse fields of application
good mechanical properties (strong, corrosion resistant)

There are still some difficulties with shape memory alloys that must be overcome before they can be used up to their full potential. These alloys are still relatively expensive to manufacture and machine compared to other materials such as steel and aluminium. Most SMA's have poor fatigue properties; this means that while under the same loading conditions (i.e. twisting, bending, compressing) a steel component may survive for more than one hundred times more cycles than a SMA-element.

Answer the following questions:

1. How many unique properties have the SMAs got?

2. What are they?

3. How long is the history of SMAs?

4. What are the most famous alloys?

5. What property of SMAs is mostly used in Medicine?

6. What are the advantages of the SMAs?

7. What are the disadvantages of the SMAs?

Part III

(… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)

SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT

(00:26)

PRE-LISTENING

1. Do you know the following words:

“wire”, “ice”, “to heat”, “to cool”, “hot”, “flame”, “soft”, “deformable”?

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video and answer the following questions:

2. What is the wire made of?

3. Why is it called “smart”?

4. How many stages can you divide the process on the video into?

5. Complete the following sentences about each stage of the process on the video:

a) We __________ the wire with __________.

b) The wire __________ soft and easily __________ .

c) We heat the __________ with a __________ .

d) The __________ turns to its __________ shape.

POST-LISTENING

6. Think of when and where this wire can be used?

SMART __________

(00:33)

Watch the track and answer the questions.

1. What type of “smart” material is it about? Complete the heading.

2. Why is it called “smart”?

3. What do you need to do to change the colour of the glass?

4. How can people use this “smart” glass?

FASHION METAMORPHOSIS

(02:30) – video, inscriptions

PRE- LISTENING

Think on the following:

1. What do we mean when we think about fashion?

2. What connection may there be between fashion and smart materials? How can smart materials be used in fashion?

WHILE- LISTENING

3. Watch the video, read and understand the inscriptions.

POST- LISTENING

4. Which do you think is the most useful usage of smart materials?

5. Which sphere would you invest to organize future researches and why?

MATERIALS ENGINEERING

(01:53)

PRE-LISTENING

11. What do materials engineers do in their career?

12. Why is it important to study the properties of materials?

13. Do you know the following words? Can you guess the meaning of any of them? Study the meaning of the words:

“alloy”, “shape memory alloy”, “green-energy”, “to reduce”, “pollution”, “surgery”, “research”, “to collaborate”.

WHILE-LISTENING

Watch the video a part by part and answer the following questions:

00:08 – 00:21

4. Who and what is the speaker?

00:22 – 00:31

5. What exactly does he study?

6. Who finances this project?

00:32 – 00:42

7. What properties do these materials have?

00:43 – 00:52

8. Where can these materials be used?

00:53 – 00:58

9. Are scientists from other countries also interested in this project?

00:59 – 01:05

10. Which university does the Boise State University collaborate with?

01:06 – 01:20

11. Where can these results be found?

12. What does ‘NSF’ mean?

01:21 – end

13. What is the speaker?

14. Why does he do this research?

15. What happens when he enters the lab?

16. What does ‘research’ mean according to this student?

POST-LISTENING

17. Make a summary of the video track.

TECHNICAL DRAWING

Part I

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