Форма правления, государственное устройство, политический строй
democratic /republican / federal / parliamentary government — демократическая / республиканская / федеральная / парламентская форма правления
constitutional government — конституционная форма правления
a system of government — система правления
Правительство, правительственный аппарат
Liberal /Labour/ Conservative Government — либеральное / лейбористское / консервативное правительство
to form the government — сформировать правительство
b) Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:
| 1. arbitrary government 2. authoritarian government 3. colonial form of government 4. government investigation 5. government of the day 6. government offices 7. government official 8. government party 9. government(al) department 10. government(al) regulation 11. government's term of office 12. Her Majesty's Government 13. local government 14. military government 15. mixed government 16. organs of government 17. parliamentary government 18. presidential government 19. provisional government 20. representative government 21. to dissolve the government | a) действующее правительство b) местное самоуправление c) военная администрация d) смешанная форма правления e) парламентское правление f) правительство Её Величества g) правящая партия h) правительственные учреждения i) представительная форма правления j) временное правительство k) распустить/расформировать правительство l) органы государственного управления m) автократия n) президентская власть o) авторитарная форма правления p) правительственное ведомство q) правительственное расследование r) колониальная форма государственного устройства s) постановление правительства t) правительственный чиновник u) срок полномочий правительства |
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Exercise 11: Render the following passage into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:
Великая Хартия Вольностей
Великая Хартия Вольностей – это грамота, подписанная в 1215 английским королем Иоанном I. Она составлена на латинском языке и содержит 63 статьи. Этот документ был подписан в результате недовольства баронов усилением королевской власти, налоговым гнетом и неудачной внешней политикой короля. Большинство статей отражало и защищало интересы аристократии. Однако другие сословия также получили значительные права.
Великая Хартия Вольностей гарантировала соблюдение королем определенных обязательств по отношению к баронам, запрещала королю взимать налоги без согласия подданных. Хартия положила начало свободе личности. Ни один человек не мог быть арестован, заключен в тюрьму, лишен собственности или покровительства законов, изгнан или подвергнут иной каре иначе как по суду равных ему и согласно законам страны.
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Это был первый в истории Англии документ, ограничивающий власть короны и провозглашающий права и свободы подданных. Великая Хартия Вольностей сыграла важнейшую роль в английской истории. Она и сейчас входит в число действующих актов конституции Великобритании.
Text 7: THE EUROPEAN LAW IN THE 19th CENTURY: NAPOLEON'S CODE
The laws of much of continental Europe (particularly France), of Quebec in Canada, and of much of Latin America — along with the civil laws of Louisiana — owe their modern form largely to the work of a man who never even studied law. Napoleon Bonaparte, the Corsican soldier who became emperor of France after the French Revolution, established in 1800 five commissions to refine and organise the diverse legal systems of France. The result, enacted in 1804, was the Napoleon's Code.
Some of its original 2,281 articles were drafted by Napoleon himself, and all were affected by his thinking, even though he was completely self-taught in legal matters. The code was a triumphant attempt to create a legal system that treated all citizens as equals without regard to their rank or previous privileges. It was also so clearly written that it could be read and understood by ordinary people at a time when only Latin scholars could make sense of the earlier laws handed down since Roman times. The code was adopted intact in most of the areas of Europe that Napoleon dominated and spread from there across the Atlantic, taking root particularly in French-speaking American communities. Many of its principles are still in force today.
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Vocabulary:
along with – вместе с
to owe to – быть обязанным кому-либо/чему-либо
to establish – устанавливать
to refine – усовершенствовать, улучшать
diverse – многообразный, различный, разнообразный, разный; разнотипный
to enact – предписывать, определять, устанавливать; вводить закон; постановлять
were drafted – были составлены (в черновом/первоначальном варианте)
to affect – влиять, оказывать влияние
even though – даже хотя
self- taught – самоучка
legal matters – юридические вопросы
attempt – попытка
to treat – обращаться (как-то с кем-то)
equals – равные
without regard to – не принимая во внимание, не смотря на
make sense – разобраться, понять
to hand down – передавать по наследству, оставлять, передавать младшим поколениям
to be adopted – быть принятым, утвержденным
intact – бездействие; пассивность, инертность, бездеятельность
to spread – распространяться
to take root – закрепиться, укорениться
particularly – особенно
in force – в действии
Exercise 12: a) Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
вопросы права; изучать право; различные, несхожие правовые системы; создавать правовую систему; император; гражданское право; первоначальный вариант статей; подвергаться влиянию чьих-либо идей; передавать (из поколения в поколение); господствовать, властвовать; обращаться как с равными; разобраться в чем-либо; приживаться, укореняться; быть в силе; без учета привилегий.
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Exercise 13: Consult the previous texts and your legal dictionary to translate the following words and expressions into English.
Составлять проект закона; создавать, творить законы; вносить поправки в законы; принимать закон; вводить закон в действие; обеспечивать соблюдение законов; приводить законы в исполнение; отменять законы; нарушать законы.
Exercise 13: Render the following text into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:
Одним из важнейших событий в истории мирового права стало принятие кодекса Наполеона. Специальная комиссия из четырех крупнейших юристов под руководством Наполеона в течение короткого времени усовершенствовала и привела в соответствие все действующие законы, постановления и местные обычаи Франции. В 1804 этот грандиозный свод законов, состоящий из 2281 статьи, был утвержден под названием Гражданского кодекса. Главное в этом кодексе то, что он утверждал равенство всех перед законом, свободу совести, неприкосновенность личности и собственности.
Сам Наполеон хорошо понимал историческое значение своей законотворческой деятельности. «Моя истинная слава, - говорил он, - не в том, что я выиграл сорок сражений. Но то, что не может быть забыто, то, что будет жить вечно – это мой Гражданский кодекс».
Кодекс Наполеона пережил своего создателя. Империя распалась, но Франция, а вслед за ней многие другие государства Европы и Америки продолжают руководствоваться правовыми принципами, изложенными в кодексе Наполеона.
UNIT 2: ORIGINS OF THE JURY
Text 1: EARLY JURIES
A jury is a body of laymen and women randomly selected to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding. Such a body traditionally consists of 12 people and is called a petit jury or trial jury.
The exact origin of the jury system is not known; various sources have attributed it to different European peoples who at an early period developed similar methods of trial. The jury is probably of Frankish origin, beginning with inquisition, which had an accusatory and interrogatory function. Trial by jury was brought to England by the Normans in 1066.
In medieval Europe, trials were usually decided by ordeals, in which it was believed God intervened, revealing the wrongdoer and upholding the righteous. In the ordeal by water, for instance, a priest admonished the water not to accept a liar. The person whose oath was being tested was then thrown in. If he floated, his oath was deemed to have been perjured. If he was telling the truth, he might drown but his innocence was clear.
In 1215, however, the Catholic Church decided that trial by ordeal was superstition, and priests were forbidden to take part. As a result, a new method of trial was needed, and the jury system emerged.
At first the jury was made up of local people who could be expected to know the defendant. A jury was convened only to "say the truth" on the basis of its knowledge of local affairs. The word verdict reflects this early function; the Latin world from which it is derived, veredictum, means "truly said".
In the 14th century the role of the jury finally became that of judgment of evidence. By the 15th century trial by jury became the dominant mode of resolving a legal issue. It was not until centuries later that the jury assumed its modern role of deciding facts on the sole basis of what is heard in court.
Excersise 1:Find in the text the words that mean the following:
• examination of a case before a court of law;
• a former method of trial used to determine guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to serious physical danger, the result being regarded as a divine judgment;
• a solemn appeal to a court to witness one's determination to speak the truth;
• freedom from sin or moral wrong;
• a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance.
Text 2:Read the following text and write down the Russian equivalents for the words and expressions given in bold type:
ORDEAL
Ordeal is a judgement of the truth of some claim or accusation by various means based on the belief that the outcome will reflect the judgement of supernatural powers and that these powers will ensure the triumph of right. Although fatal consequences often attend an ordeal, its purpose is not punitive.
The main types of ordeal are ordeals by divination, physical test, and battle. A Burmese ordeal by divination involves two parties being furnished with candles of equal size and lit simultaneously; the owner of the candle that outlasts the other is adjudged to have won his cause. Another form of ordeal by divination is the appeal to the corpse for the discovery of its murderer.
The ordeal by physical test, particularly by fire or water, is the most common. In Hindu codes a wife may be required to pass through fire to prove her fidelity to a jealous husband; traces of burning would be regarded as proof of guilt. The practice of dunking suspected witches was based on the notion that water, as the medium of baptism, would 'accept', or receive, the innocent and 'reject' the guilty. Court officials would tie the woman's feet and hands together and then drop her into some deep water. If she went straight to the bottom and drowned, it was a sure sign that she wasn't a witch. On the other hand, if she didn't sink and just bobbed around for a while, the law said she was to be condemned as a witch.
In ordeal by combat, or ritual combat, the victor is said to win not by his own strength but because supernatural powers have intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European Middle Ages in which the 'judgment of God' was thought to determine the winner. If still alive after the combat, the loser might be hanged or burned for a criminal offence or have a hand cut off and property confiscated in civil actions.
| Text 3: Instructions for Justices of the Peace in The 16thand 17th Century England Relating to Witches 1. Conjuration, or Invocation of any evil Spirit, for any intent, or to be counselling, or aiding thereto, is Felony without benefit of Clergy. 2. To consult, entertain, employ, feed, or reward any evil Spirit, to or for any intent or purpose, is Felony in such offenders, their aiders and counsellors. 3. To take up any dead body, or any part thereof, to be employed or used in any manner of Witchcraft, is Felony in such offenders, their aiders and counsellors. 4. Also to use or practice Witchcrafts, Enchantment, Charm, or Sorcery, whereby any person shall be killed, pinned, or lamed in any part of their body, or to be counselling or aiding thereto, is Felony. By the ancient common law such offenders were to be burned. Now against these Witches, (being the most cruel, revengeful, and bloody of all the rest) the Justices of Peace may not always expect direct evidence, seeing all their works are the works of darkness, and no witnesses present with them to accuse them. These are the main points to discover and convict these Witches; for they prove fully that those Witches have made a League with the Devil: 5. These Witches have ordinarily a Spirit, which appeareth to them; sometimes in one Shape, sometimes in another; as in the shape of a Man, Woman, Boy, Dog, Cat, Foal/Fowl, Hare, Rat, Toad, & And to these Spirits they give names, and they meet together to christen them (as they speak), 6. The Testimony of other Witches, confessing their own Witchcrafts, and witnessing against the suspected, that they have Spirits or Marks; that they have been at their meetings; that they have told them what harm they have done. 7. If the dead body bleeds upon the Witches touching it. 8. The Examination and Confession of the Children (able & fit to answer) or Servants of the Witch. Also whether they have seen her call upon, speak to, or feed any Spirit, or such like, or have heard her foretell of this mishap, or speak of her power to hurt, or of her transportation to this or that place. Their own voluntary Confession (which exceeds all other evidence), of the hurt they have done, or of the giving of their souls to the Devil, and of the Spirits which they have, how many, how they call them, and how they came by them. |
UNIT 3. JURY DUTY
Text 1:Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:
THE FEAR OF JURY DUTY
For Americans, serving jury duty has always been a dreaded chore. There is plenty of history behind this fear. In colonial days, jurors were locked in a small room with no ventilation and were denied food and water in an attempt to inspire a quick verdict. If the jurors returned with the wrong decisions, they too were charged with a crime. As more and more laws were passed, the rules of evidence expanded and trials became longer, which resulted in more technical and increasingly boring hours for jurors. Trial lawyers have tried to change the boredom by replacing endless hours of testimony with computer animation, video reconstructions, color charts and graphics to better explain the evidence.
The judicial system depends on juries. The United States Constitution guarantees its citizens the right to a trial by jury of their peers. When summoned for jury duty, Americans should look upon it as an opportunity to serve their country, their community, and their fellow citizens.
Each year, over 5 million Americans are summoned for jury duty to render verdicts in approximately 120,000 trials.
Prospective jurors are chosen at random from voter registration lists. When people are chosen for jury duty, they are often shown a video tape explaining the jury system or given a HANDBOOK ON JURY SERVICE.
Text 2:The following text comes from a handbook on jury service for the U.S. citizens.
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