A) General Investigation Division
The FBI, formally called the Bureau of Investigation, was created primarily to handle criminal investigations for the Department of Justice.
The FBI responsibilities continue to grow each year.
The FBI handles over 180 different investigations including Federal criminal violations1, internal security matters and civil inquiries2 in which the Government has an interest.
Since 1945, over 95 percent of the cases investigated by its agents which came before the courts have resulted in convictions3.
Special Investigation Division
Organized crime is a lawless empire involved in gambling, narcotics, prostitution, extortion, etc. where easy money can be made. For years organized crime operated behind a nearly impenetrable wall4 built on fear, intimidation, bribery, and force.
Squads of highly trained FBI Agents are devoting their full efforts to bringing the crime lords to justice5. The objective is to collect sufficient evidence to build a strong prosecutive6 case so gang leaders can be brought to justice swiftly. Cooperation is vital in the fight against organized crime. The FBI works closely with state and local enforcement agencies.
This Division also supervises investigations under the Security of Government Employees programme7.
Fugitive investigations often involve a great deal of manpower.
In addition to FBI fugitives, this Division directs the efforts of FBI Agents to locate and apprehend escaped Federal prisoners, deserters from the Armed Forces.
B) Identification Division
The largest collection of fingerprints in the world is maintained in the Identification Division of the FBI. A dangerous fugitive, wanted in one state, may be located through fingerprint identification after his arrest on a minor charge under a different name by a police agency in another state. Fingerprints often are the only means of identifying victims of various crimes.
Laboratory Division
The FBI Laboratory is the greatest criminological laboratory in the world. During the first 35 years of its existence, this laboratory made approximately 4.000.000 scientific examinations. Today, this laboratory is a large complex of scientific equipment, staffed with over 300 employees most of whom have technical training. Included in this group are over 100 Special Agents with specialized training in a wide range of scientific fields. Many crimes are solved and many defendants convicted on the basis of material evidence submitted to the laboratory for examination. Laboratory examinations on many occasions have proved the innocence of persons suspected of having committed crimes.
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Domestic Intelligence Division
The FBI fights against all elements which pose a threat8 to the security of the people in the United States, to the Nation's security.
C) Files and Communications Division
Often some of the most valuable leads in an investigation result from information already contained in the files of law enforcement agencies.
A teletype network provides constant twenty-four-hour contact between FBI headquarters and all Field Divisions. In addition, the FBI has a radio network, completely independent of commercial facilities.
Crime Records Division9
The personnel of the Crime Records Department has the task of carefully studying the information on crime poured into the Headquarters from the FBI's field officer10, local police agencies and other sources.
Training Division
All FBI Agents are trained at facilities in Washington, D.C., and at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Today, the new Agents receive fourteen weeks of instruction. Two week retraining courses are held periodically for all Agents. Although the theory of the various Law enforcement arts and sciences is taught, the greater emphasis is placed on those practical skills and techniques demanded by day-to-day investigations.
The courses range from the Constitution and Federal Criminal Procedure to Investigative Techniques and the Collection, Identification and Preservation of Physical Evidence. Thorough training is given in firearms and defensive tactics in order that an agent may defend himself in those extreme situations where life may be in danger. The Training Division also provides instructors for thousands police schools conducted by local enforcement agencies in communities across the Nation.
D) Administrative Division
The Administrative Division's major responsibilities are to see that the operations of the Bureau run smoothly and expenditures are kept within the limits of the annual appropriation granted by Congress. Another duty of this Division is to recruit and assign the personnel necessary to fulfill the various functions of the FBI.
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Inspection Division
The staff is composed of experienced, competent men who periodically review, inspect the total work performance of each field office and the headquarters staff. The inspections have as their goal the improvement of management and investigative practices.
Jurisdiction
Following are the matters within the FBI jurisdiction11:
Anti-Racketeering
Atomic Energy Act
Bank Robbery and Embezzlement
Bankruptcy
Bribery
Espionage
Extortion
Fraud Against the Government
Internal Security
Theft of Government Property, etc.
Notes:
1) Federal criminal violation — нарушение федеральных законов
2) civil inquiries — расследование гражданских дел
3) have resulted in convictions — закончились осуждением обвиняемых
4) operated behind a nearly impenetrable wall — действовала за почти непроницаемой стеной
5) are devoting their full efforts to bringing the crime lords to justice — направляют все свои усилия, чтобы преступных магнатов привлечь к суду
6) to build a strong prosecutive case — построить сильное обвинение
7) the Security of Government Employees programme — программа по обеспечению безопасности высших правительственных служащих
8) which pose a threat — которые представляют угрозу
9) Crime Records Division — уголовный архив (отдел, где хранятся отчеты о совершенных преступлениях)
10) the FBI' s field officer — сотрудник ФБР, курирующий определенный регион или сферу деятельности
11) following are the matters within the FBI jurisdiction — вот вопросы (дела), которые находятся в пределах юрисдикции ФБР
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Exercise 4: Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
a) Федеральное Бюро Расследования; иметь дело с; нарушение федеральных законов; вопросы внутренней безопасности; привести к осуждению; организованная преступность; основанная на страхе, запугивании, взяточничестве и силе; азартные игры, наркотики, проституция, вымогательство; отряды высококвалифицированных агентов ФБР; собрать достаточно улик; выстроить сильное обвинение; привлечь к суду; бороться против организованной преступности; местные правоприменительные органы; осуществлять надзор за расследованием; расследование дел о беглецах; обнаружить местонахождение и задержать убежавших из тюрьмы заключенных;
b) самая большая в мире коллекция отпечатков пальцев; разыскиваемый опасный беглец; посредством идентификации отпечатков пальцев; единственное средство опознания потерпевшего; научные экспертизы; специальные агенты с особой подготовкой; раскрыть преступления; осудить обвиняемого; на основе материальных улик; лабораторная экспертиза; доказать невиновность лица; подозревать в совершении преступления;
c) картотека; наиболее ценные версии; обеспечивать постоянную связь; уголовный архив; изучать информацию о преступлениях; главное управление ФБР; курсы переподготовки; практические навыки и техника; следственная техника; сбор, идентификация и сохранение вещественных доказательств; тщательная подготовка; самбо; огнестрельное оружие; экстремальная ситуация; в опасности;
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d) главные обязанности; набирать штат; выполнять различные функции ФБР; опытные компетентные люди; совершенствование управления и практики расследования; в пределах юрисдикции ФБР; ограбление банка; хищение; взяточничество; мошенничество против правительства; кража правительственного имущества; вымогательство; борьба против рэкета.
Exercise 5: Write out only the words which are the names of crimes:
defendant, racketeering, embezzlement, extortion, deserter, victim, fugitive, fraud, prisoner, espionage, employee, theft, robbery, field officer, FBI agent, bribery, conviction, innocence.
Exercise 6: Complete the sentences using the words from the box:
| bribery, intimidation, fugitive, identify, convicted, leads, organized crime, responsibilities, fingerprint, robbery, the collection, preservation, to handle |
1. The FBI was created primarily ... criminal investigations for the Department of Justice.
2. The fight against ... involves a great deal of efforts in the work of the FBI Special Investigation Division.
3. To fight against a threat to the Nation's security is one of the ... of the FBI.
4. In a number of crimes some of valuable ... in an investigation result from information contained in the files of law enforcement agencies.
5. Many crimes are solved through ... identification.
6. The dangerous ... was located and arrested on the basis of the information of the witnesses.
7. Laboratory examination proved the innocence of the defendant suspected of having committed ...
8. Laboratory examination of the fingerprints found on the murder victim helped ... the murderer.
9. The gang leaders were ... on the basis of sufficient evidence collected by the FBI Agents together with the officers of the local enforcement agency.
10. Practical skills and techniques are paid great attention to in the course of training and retraining FBI Agents. The courses involve ... and ... of physical evidence.
11. Organized crime is built on fear, ..., ..., and force.
Exercise 7: Translate the sentences paying attention to various means of expressing negation:
1. Not only has a private person the power to arrest any person who commits any felony in his presence, he also has the duty to arrest him.
2. If a crime is committed in the presence of a person, whether a police officer, or not, he will be guilty of a misdemeanor if he fails to arrest the criminal.
3. The glass was no better than the others but it had fingerprints on it.
4. When the policemen were in the room, an envelope was brought to the owner of the room. No name was written on it, but only the number of his room.
5. No fingerprint by itself is especially valuable, but if it's discovered at the crime scene, it is of great importance.
6. All marks of identification had not been destroyed, the investigation was in progress.
7. The detective did not find the coat from which the button had been torn, neither did he locate the owner of the coat.
8. Robbery, it seemed apparent, could not have the motive. Was it possible that he had committed the crime without having a motive?
9. A glance was sufficient to tell the experienced detectives that a search for evidence would be useless.
10. I don't see how she could register under a false name, unless she came with forged credentials.
11. The police told him not to go anywhere until he is allowed to do it.
Text 2: SCOTLAND YARD
Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, which possesses its own separate police force.
One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard's crime detection and emergency service has been the "999 system". On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, which is contacted by radio. Almost instantly, a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police stations concerned, so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene and all neighbouring police stations have been notified.
Apart from the 999 Room, one of the most interesting places in Scotland Yard is the Map Room. Here is the Central Crime Map, the Deaths by Violence Map, the Accidents Map and the Vehicles Recovered Map.
An old-established section of the Metropolitan Police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, for they are accustomed to military bands.
An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1938. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, whereas the same search would take six men an hour.
There is also the River Police or Thames Division, which has its own crime investigation officers who handle all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.
There are two other departments of Scotland Yard — the Witness Room (known as the Rogues' Gallery) where a photographic record of known or suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, which contains murder relicts, forgery exhibits and coining moulds.
The name «Scotland Yard» originates from the plot of land adjoining Whitehall Palace where, in about the 14th century, the royalty and nobility of Scotland stayed when visiting the English Court. The popular nickname of the London policeman «bobby» is a tribute to Sir Robert Peel, and whose Christian name attached itself to members of the force.
Text 3: THE MOST GLAMOUROUS (эффектный ) ASPECT OF POLICE WORK
The basic responsibility of the police is to fight crime, maintain order, and provide miscellaneous services to the public. Patrol remains the basic manner in which police services are delivered to the public.
Criminal investigation is the most glamorous aspect of policing. Most police officers regard detective work as «real» police work. Detective work has a specific mission: apprehending the offender. The quality of work can also be measured in terms of the number of arrests. This contrasts sharply with patrol duty, which largely involves peace-keeping. Good detectives are believed to be able to solve most crimes, so the citizen-victim becomes angry when the police fail to solve the crime he or she suffered from.
The process of investigating a crime involves several different steps performed by at least three different units within the police department: patrol officers, detectives, criminalistics technicians. The two major stages of the investigation process are the preliminary investigation and the follow-up investigation.
The preliminary investigation is normally the responsibility of the patrol officer who is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime. The five major responsibilities include:
1) arresting any suspect or suspects,
2) providing aid to any victims,
3) securing the crime scene to prevent loss of evidence,
4) collecting all relevant physical evidence, and
5) preparing a preliminary report.
Once the responding officer has completed the preliminary investigation, the case is assigned to the detective bureau for the follow-up investigation. In all but the smallest departments, the detective unit is separate from the patrol unit. The smallest departments have no separate detective unit. Medium-sized departments have a separate detective unit but detectives handle all types of crime here. Larger departments specialize according to a type of crime (e.g., crimes against person, crimes against property).
Technical specialists in investigation are normally located in a separate administrative unit. They are available upon request to assist detectives in the follow-up investigation. Only the larger police departments are able to maintain their own criminalistics specialists.
The follow-up investigation includes the following steps:
1) interrogation of suspect or suspects, if arrested at the scene of the crime;
2) interview of witnesses;
3) search of the crime scene for physical evidence;
4) modus operandi review to determine, if the crime is similar to others under investigation or resembles crimes committed by known suspects;
5) development of additional information from informants, contacts, official records, etc.;
6) preparation of reports.
To obtain information about suspected criminal activity, the police make use of informants. Persons who are either criminals themselves or who associate with criminals are extremely valuable sources of information. Police officers seek to develop a list of informants.
Text 4: INTERPOL
Interpol is an international corporation founded in 1923 as a service organization devoted to coordinating actions against international criminals. Its clients are 174 agencies throughout the world. This organization is not under the control or supervision of any government.
Interpol is a recognized intergovernmental police force whose task is to hunt down the international criminal. A multinational force, much like the United Nations, Interpol is made up of police of the Free World and a bona fide law enforcement agency in its own right. Among the first to fight international terrorism and sky-jackings, Interpol still leads the war on narcotics, assists a number of nations in the continuing search for wanted Nazi war criminals. One of the most highly respected groups in the world, Interpol, like any other police force is under governmental control to safeguard the basic rights of every citizen. It operates according to a strict code of behaviour and adheres to the highest ethical standards.
Interpol has never been recognized or established by any international charter or treaty and has no police powers. Because of Interpol's cooperation with the UN particularly in the area of drugs, Interpol was recognized as an intergovernmental organization.
Interpol members are, for the most part, police and not governmental representatives, although certain governments have sent observers from their military, intelligence, customs, post office, and immigration departments.
Interpol does not have powers of arrest or any investigative rights. Its function is to disseminate information. Today 80 percent of the permanent staff is French. Interpol is much like any large corporation with bureaus in various countries and with representatives from these offices also stationed at the main office. Information is exchanged between the many national bureaus, but the police forces themselves are subject to the laws and policies of their respective nations.
Interpol is divided into four main bodies — the General Assembly, the Executive Committee, the General Secretariat and the National Central Bureaus.
The General Assembly is composed of the delegates from each member country. It is "the Supreme Authority". The General Assembly controls the policy of the organization.
The Executive Committee is a nine-member board made-up of the president, two vice-presidents, and six delegates chosen by the General Assembly.
The General Secretariat, the permanent body, located in Lion, is Interpol's business division. It contains the "permanent departments" four of which specialize in certain crimes: one handles murder, burglary, assault, larceny, car theft, and missing persons; another deals with bank frauds and other types of embezzlement; a third with drug traffic and morals offenses; and a fourth deals with forgery and counterfeiting.
Other divisions are the general records department, where files are kept, and a special records department, where fingerprints and other methods of identification are used.
The National Central Bureaus are the Interpol offices in various countries. Each NCB is empowered to communicate directly with and exchange information with any other NCB.
(from "The Interpol Connection" by Frevor Meldal-Johnsen and Voughn Young, New York)
Text 5: Read and translate the text:
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