Exercise 1. Match the words and their definitions
| 1. Custom | a. materials such as coal and wood which exist or are produced in nature and can be used by people; |
| 2. Rural | b. being the most noticeable, important or largest in number; |
| 3. Goods | c. a way of behaving or a belief which has been established for a long time; |
| 4. An official | d. in, of or like the countryside; |
| 5. Natural resources | e. items for sale, or movable possessions, sometimes transported by railway or road; |
| 6. Predominant | f. a person who has a position of responsibility in an organization. |
Exercise 2. Match the word combinations with the Russian equivalents
| 1. Segmented economy | a. электростанция; |
| 2. Tribal unit | b. правительственный контроль; |
| 3. Capital goods | c. сегментная экономика; |
| 4. Government command | d. переходная экономика; |
| 5. Electric power plant | e. средства производства; |
| 6. Transition economy | f. клановая организационная единица. |
Exercise 3. Finish the sentence adding the information from the text
1. Economic systems are classified into four broad categories: … .
2. Traditional economy is an economic system using … .
3. In command economies government leaders decide … .
4. In a market economy, basic economic questions are answered by … .
5. Mixed economy is an economic system … .
6. All major economies are mixed economies in the sense that … .
Exercise 4. Fill in the missing words
Individuals capital goods mixed
economic freedom transition economy national economy
1. There is no … in the rural, non-industrial areas.
2. In command economies … have little control or influence over the way the basic economic questions are answered.
3. In market economies, natural resources and … are usually privately owned.
4. In market economies, buyers and sellers have a great deal of … .
5. The United States is an example of … type of economy.
6. In the 1990s there appeared a new term … to describe the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
Exercise 5. Answer the following questions
1. What are the main types of economic systems?
2. What are the essence and the sphere of activity of traditional economies?
3. Who are the basic economic questions answered in command economies by? Why are they called planned economies?
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4. What is the role of individuals in command economies?
5. What economy is the opposite to command economy? What is the core idea of this type of economies?
6. What are mixed economies characterized by?
TYPES OF OWNERSHIP
There are several types of business ownership like franchises, solo proprietorships, private limited companies, partnerships, public limited companies, cooperative business enterprises etc. The main difference between these types is the amount of ownership rights that one gets in the new establishment.
According to the concept of solo proprietorship the particular business is owned by a single individual and all the related business decisions are taken by the person. A business that is carried on by a sole trader is owned by one person, who also usually runs and manages the business. There may or may not be people working in the business; these are referred to as employees of the business and the owner is the employer. This is the simplest form of ownership and numerically the most common. The sole trader receives all profits and is legally required to bear and satisfy all losses personally. The sole trader has unlimited liability to repay amounts owing, or debts, of the business. The total amount of money and other assets brought into the business by the sole trader is the capital that the business owes to the owner and is called the owner’s equity. The sole trader is free to run the business as he or she thinks best and is not answerable to a boss. Although such a business is inexpensive and easy to set up and run, additional finance may be difficult to obtain. The business name, if different from the owners own name, must be registered.
Franchise is one of the newest forms of business ownership. It is quite widespread nowadays, especially in the United States of America. In case of a franchise, the owner gets the right to market and sell the products of another business entity that has already established itself in the market.
Partnership is a type of business ownership where two or more people share the ownership of the company and the profits or losses are equally divided among these owners. All of them are motivated by the common goal. A business that is carried on by a partnership can generally be owned by between two and 20 people. The partners usually run and manage the business. However, there may be a silent partner who does not take any part in the running of the business even though he/she has contributed capital to the partnership. The amount of the capital that each partner brings to the partnership and the proportion in which the profits and losses are to be split amongst the partners is agreed between them and usually written in the Partnership Agreement. If a matter is not covered by the Partnership Agreement, then the position as set out in the partnership Act of the state applies. The partners share in the profits of the partnership. However, they also must share in the losses and can each be held personally liable for the debts of the partnership. The partners are able to use their individual skill and specialize in areas for the overall benefit of the partnership and therefore should be able to earn more collectively than would be possible if be operated individually as sole traders. It is easy and inexpensive to set up a partnership. The business name should be registered and a separate bank account must be used for the partnership.
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The most common type of corporation or company is one that is limited by shares. The shareholders hold shares in the company and therefore own it. Shareholders have limited liability; that is, their obligation is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on their shares. Beyond this, the shareholder is not required to contribute to satisfying the debts of the company. The company has a separate legal identity and it can sue and be sued; the shareholders cannot be sued. The name of a company limited by shares must end with "Limited" or its abbreviation "Ltd". Private limited companies are mainly small or medium sized business enterprises. They are normally owned by a particular family or by a small group of businessmen and the ownership rights are divided among these owners. All the business decisions are subjected to the approval of all these owners or at least the majority of these owners. Public limited companies are a type of business ownership that has very little amount of liability. These companies have a lot of shareholders. In the United Kingdom the term public limited company means any company that has share capital of more than fifty thousand pounds. Cooperative business ownerships work by following a cooperative business model. These companies have limited liabilities. The common goal of the members, as in the case with partnerships, is making profits. All the members have the right to play a significant role while taking business decisions.
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