Вопросы, выносимые на обсуждение
Points for discussion :
1. What do we call grammatical category?
2. How can we understand grammatical forms?
3. What grammatical elements constitute a paradigm?
4. What types of paradigms do you know?
5. What ensures a stylistic load of transposition?
6. What makes neutralization stylistically colourless?
Задания
Exercises:
Exercise I. Define the types of the opposition and interpret the categorical properties of their members in privative terms.
MODEL: play – played The words “play - played” make up a binary privative opposition. The strong member is “played”; its differential feature is the denotation of a past action. The marker of this categorical meaning is the grammatical suffix “-ed”.
a) he –she, he – they, he – it, we – they;
b) intelligent – more intelligent – the most intelligent;
c) I understand – I am understood;
d) Tooth –teeth, pincers – a pair of pincers;
e) He listens – he is listening
f) Mother - room
Exercise II. Make a paradigm of the plural form of the noun.
Exercise III. Make a paradigm of the degrees of comparison of adjective.
Exercise IV. Determine “marked” and “nonmarked” member of opposition.
Man – men
Read – reads
Boy – boys
Good – better
Friend – friendship
Exercise V. Build up the oppositions of the categorical forms and define the types of the oppositions:
Efficient, have defined, they, information, he, more efficient, vessel, we, define, the most efficient, are defined, I, vessels, will define, bits of information, defined, less efficient, a most efficient.
Exercise VI. Give examples of:
a) Synthetic form of the plural number of noun.
b) Analytical form of the degrees of comparison of adverbs.
Exercise VII. Make full analysis of the sentence.
1. Nothing has been done yet.
2. The house will have been built by the end of the year.
3. Does he ever come home late?
4. He has been working at this factory for many years.
5. Don’t let him come tomorrow.
Рекомендуемая литература
Основная литература:
1. Худяков, А. А. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка : [учеб. пособие для студ. филол. фак-тов и фак-тов иностранных языков вузов] / Худяков Андрей Александрович. - 3-е изд., стер. - М. : Академия , 2012. - 255 с. - (Высшее профессиональное образование). - Библиогр.: с. 219-224. - Терминол. указ.: с. 245-250. - На обл.: Языкознание. - ISBN 978-5-7695-6145-0 : 391-60.
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2. Bloch M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. - M., 2000. – p.6-26.
3. Блох М.Я. Теоретические основы грамматики – М., Высшая школа 2010.
Дополнительная литература:
1. Бузаров, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка = Buzarov, V. V. Theoretical grammar of English : workbook of Practice : учеб.-метод. пособие / Бузаров Владимир Васильевич ; М-во образования и науки Рос. Федерации, ГОУ ВПО "Ставроп. гос. ун-т". - Ставрополь : Изд-во СГУ, 2011. - 142 с. - Библиогр.: с. 135-140. - Текст на англ. яз.(2011).
2. Iofik L.L., Chakhoyan L.P. Readings in the theory of English Grammar
3. Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В., Почепцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. – М., 1981. – с.9-13.
4. Хлебникова И.Б. Оппозиции в морфологии. – М., 1969.
5. Ilyish B. The structure of Modern English. –L., 1971 – p.27-35, 66-72
Интернет-ресурсы:
1. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms глоссарий, содержащий более 900 лингвистических терминов с перекрестными ссылками и списком источников (SIL International). Ред. Е. Е. Loos, S.Anderson. D.H.Day Jr., P.C.Jourdan, J.D.Wingate
2. https://www.thoughtco.com/theoretical-grammar-1692541 информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам теоретической грамматики
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3. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/ информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам грамматики
Практическая работа №4
Тема “Grammatical Classes of Words”
Цель: рассмотреть различные принципы грамматической классификации слов, рассмотреть самостоятельные и служебные части речи, сформировать понятие лексической парадигмы номинации.
Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить различные принципы грамматической классификации слов, а также уметь идентифицировать лексическую парадигму номинации.
Формируемые компетенции: ОПК–3.
Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках осваиваются различные принципы грамматической классификации слов, рассматриваются самостоятельные и служебные части речи, формируется понятие лексической парадигмы номинации.
Теоретическая часть
Parts of speech must be defined as lexico-grammatical word-classes which differ in their grammatical meaning and forms, word-making devices and functions in the sentence. In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria: “semantic”, “formal”, “functional”. The semantic criterion presupposes the evaluation of the generalized meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech. This meaning is understood as the “categorical meaning of the part of speech”. The formal criterion provides for the exposition of the specific inflexional and derivational (word-building) features of all the lexemic subsets of a part of speech. The functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech.
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In accord with the traditional criteria of meaning, form and function, words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional.
In English to the notional parts of speech are usually referred the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb. The notional parts of speech are the words of complete nominative value; in the utterance they fulfill self-dependent functions of naming and denoting things, phenomena, their substantial properties. Opposed to the notional parts of speech are the functional words which are words of incomplete nominative value, but of absolutely essential grammatical value. In the utterance they serve as all sorts of mediators. They are: the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection.
The open character of the notional part and the closed character of the functional part have the status of a formal grammatical feature. Between these two parts there is an intermediary field of semi-functional words. The unity of the notional lexemes, as well as their division into four infinitely large classes is demonstrated in the inner-class system of derivation. This inner class system of derivation is presented as a four-stage series permitting the lexicon. It has been given the name of “Lexical paradigm of nomination”
For example: “fancy – to fancy – fanciful - fancifully”. As the initial position in a particular nomination paradigm can be occupied by a lexeme of any word class, one can define the concrete “derivational perspective” of the given series in accord with a part of speech status of the constituent in the initial position.
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