Вопросы, выносимые на обсуждение
Points for discussion :
1. What is the correlation between notional and functional words?
2. What is the basic difference between the morpheme and the word as language units?
3. What is a morph?
4. What is a morpheme?
5. What does the difference between a morpheme and an allomorph consist in?
6. What principles underlie the traditional study of the morphemic composition of the word?
7. What principles is the distributional analysis of morphemes based on?
8. With what meaning of morpheme are we concerned in grammar?
9. Give the definitions of “suffix”, “inflection”, “ending”.
10. What types of word-form derivation do you know?
Задания
Exercises:
Exercise I. State the morphological composition of the following words.
Snow, sandstone, impossibility, widower, opinion, exclamation, passer-by, misunderstanding, inactivity, snowball, kingdom, mother–of-pearl, population, pretty, bushy, homeless, thoughtful, improbable, shaky, deep-blue, illegible, courageous, to worry, to forbid, to retell, to retire, to do away, to befriend, to disobey
Exercise II. State the meaning of the affix.
Un-, in-, dis-, non-, re-, mis-, en-, de-, over-, under-, pre-, post-, anti-, counter-, co-, inter-, ex-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, -er, -or, -ist, -ian, -ee, -age, -al, -ance, -dom, -hood, -ion, -ment, -ness, -our, -ship, -th, -ty, -able, -al, -ant, -ary, -en, -ful, -ic, -less, -ate, -fy, -ize, -ly
Exercise III. Do the morphemic analysis of the words on the lines of the traditional and distributional classifications.
MODEL: Do the morphemic analysis of the word “inseparable”.
On the lines of the traditional classification the word “inseparable” is treated as a three-morpheme word consisting of the root “-separ-”, the prefix “in-” and the lexical suffix “-able”.
On the lines of distributional analysis the root “-separ-” is a bound, overt, continuous, additive morpheme; the prefix “in-” is bound, overt, continuous, additive; the suffix “-able” is bound, overt, continuous, additive.
Quiet, perceptions, unmistakable, bell, unbelievably, glassy, inexplicable, semidarkness, sing – sang- singing – singer, disfigured, underspecified, outlandish.
Exercise IV. Group the words according to a particular type of morphemic distribution.
MODEL: worked – bells – tells – telling – spells – spelled – spelt – felled – bell
Spells – spelled: the allomorphs “-s” and “-ed” are in contrastive distribution (=fells - felled);
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Bell – bells: the allomorph “-s” and the zero allomorph are in contrastive distribution
Spelt – spelled: allomorphs “-t” and “-ed” are in non-contrastive distribution;
Worked – spelled: the allomorphs “-ed” [t] and “-ed” [d] are in complementary distribution.
a) burning – burns – burned – burnt;
b) dig – digs – digging – digged – dug – digger;
c) light – lit – lighted – lighting – lighter;
d) worked – working – worker – workable – workaholic.
Exercise V. Group the words according to a particular type of morphemic distribution:
1. Mice, leapt, appendices, kittens, cats, witches, leaping, children, leaped, leaps, formulae, stimuli, matrices, sanatoria.
2. Geese, dogs, chickens, deer, mats, bade, bid, phenomena, formulae formulas, genii, geniuses, scissors.
3. Genera, brethren, brothers, trout, gestures, blessed, blest, tins, pots, matches, antennae, antennas.
Рекомендуемая литература
Основная литература:
1. Худяков, А. А. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка : [учеб. пособие для студ. филол. фак-тов и фак-тов иностранных языков вузов] / Худяков Андрей Александрович. - 3-е изд., стер. - М. : Академия , 2012. - 255 с. - (Высшее профессиональное образование). - Библиогр.: с. 219-224. - Терминол. указ.: с. 245-250. - На обл.: Языкознание. - ISBN 978-5-7695-6145-0 : 391-60.
2. Bloch M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. - M., 2000. – p.6-26.
3. Блох М.Я. Теоретические основы грамматики – М., Высшая школа 2010.
Дополнительная литература:
1. Бузаров, В. В. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка = Buzarov, V. V. Theoretical grammar of English : workbook of Practice : учеб.-метод. пособие / Бузаров Владимир Васильевич ; М-во образования и науки Рос. Федерации, ГОУ ВПО "Ставроп. гос. ун-т". - Ставрополь : Изд-во СГУ, 2011. - 142 с. - Библиогр.: с. 135-140. - Текст на англ. яз.(2011).
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2. Iofik L.L., Chakhoyan L.P. Readings in the theory of English Grammar
3. Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В., Почепцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. – М., 1981. – с.9-13.
4. Хлебникова И.Б. Оппозиции в морфологии. – М., 1969.
5. Ilyish B. The structure of Modern English. –L., 1971 – p.27-35, 66-72
Интернет-ресурсы:
1. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms глоссарий, содержащий более 900 лингвистических терминов с перекрестными ссылками и списком источников (SIL International). Ред. Е. Е. Loos, S.Anderson. D.H.Day Jr., P.C.Jourdan, J.D.Wingate
2. https://www.thoughtco.com/theoretical-grammar-1692541 информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам теоретической грамматики
3. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/ информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам грамматики
Практическая работа №3
Тема “Categorial structure of the word”
Цель: сформировать понятия «грамматическое значение» и «грамматическая форма»; рассмотреть различные грамматические категории и значения; а также сформировать навыки определения типов оппозиций и отношений в них.
Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить базовые понятия – «грамматическое значение» и «грамматическая форма»; а также уметь определять типы оппозиций и отношений в них.
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Формируемые компетенции: ОПК–3.
Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках осваиваются понятия «грамматическое значение» и «грамматическая форма»; рассматриваются различные грамматические категории и значения; а также формируются навыки определения типов оппозиций и отношений в них.
Теоретическая часть
The most general meanings rendered by language and expressed by systemic correlations of word-forms are interrupted in linguistics as categorical grammatical meanings. Grammatical meaning is useful to compare with lexical meaning. Both of these types of meanings have differences and similarities. Their similarity consists in content-based part of linguistic units, they are the units of content and both of them have abstract character.
The difference between lexical and grammatical meaning is first, that lexical meanings are much more numerous than grammatical.
A table, a house, a bird à each of it has lexical meaning but they are united by the grammatical meaning “thingness”.
Second, lexical meanings are individual, grammatical meanings are above individual.
Third, appearing as the generalization of individual lexical meanings, grammatical meaning in diachronic approach is later formation than lexical.
Forth, grammatical meaning is obligatory and is determined in every unit of the lexicon, though lexical meaning of some units of the lexicon may be completely lost (article) or unclear (prepositions, particles, conjunctions).
Grammatical form is closely connected with grammatical meaning. There is double way to view the outer side of linguistic units. From one side the attention of a researcher can be on morphological structure of a word, on the mechanics of the combination of morphemes inside of it, and from the other side from what kind of grammatical meaning and additional meaning.
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Tables à From lexical aspect there are 2 morphemes in this word which consists of a stem and flexion. From grammatical point of view this is the form of plural number which is made up from the singular form and the element denoting plurality.
Has been waiting à From the morphological point we deal with analytical form of the verb to wait, consisting of 4 morphemes: three of them are free (has, been, wait-) and “-ing” is a bound morpheme.
Grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms. Grammatical categories are divided into following types:
a) nominal and verbal. Grammatical categories which characterize nominal parts of speech are called nominal (case, gender, number and so on), and those which characterize verbal parts of speech are called verbal (aspect, mood, voice, tense and others).
b) general and individual. Under general category we understand the category without any concrete lingual connection to any language. And individual category is a category realized in concrete language (for example, a category of tense in the English language).
c) word-changing and classifying. First are realized by opposing two or more linguistic forms on the level of paradigmatics. Word-changing grammatical category is not fixed constantly to the form of the word, is not its permanent classification feature and is not indicated in the dictionaries as the feature of lexeme. Word-changing categories are the category of number of nouns, the category of comparison of adjectives, the category of tense of verbs and so on. Classifying grammatical categories are category of transitiveness/intransitiveness, animateness/inanimateness.
d) morphological and syntactical. Morphological categories refer to the sphere of morphology and characterize the number of grammatical features of words as parts of speech (categories of number, case, gender, mood, voice and etc.) syntactical grammatical categories are transitiveness and intransitiveness, coordination/subordination, predicativeness, modality and so on.
e) overt and covert. Overt grammatical categories are those which are determined by the word-form without turning to context. Table – tables covert grammatical categories are those which potentially are in lexeme but are determined through the context. For example, most English verbs have notes vt (verb transitive) and vi (verb intransitive), so the category of transitiveness/ intransitiveness of the verb but is manifested in the context.
He walks in the park every evening (intran.).
He walks his dog in the park every evening (trans.).
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