C) Give your list of ten top evil and ten top good.
Discussion Activity
XIV. Why should we bother with virtue ethics?
Answer the following questions and find out if you do.
*Do you want to be liked or loved by good people for what kind of a person you are? Or would you rather just be liked or loved because of your money or your good looks which nature gave you and you did not create?
*Do you want to be the kind of person who can stand on her or his own two feet and who, after examining an issue carefully, can be fairly confident of his own moral judgements? Or do you want to be someone who needs constant approval of his actions from people around you even though they disagree among themselves and do not remain consistent even in their own judgements?
*Do you want to be able to do the courageous thing, the honorable thing, honest thing, and enjoy doing it, even if most other people would find it uncomfortable or painful? Or do you want to do the courageous or honest thing reluctantly – as if it really hurts, as if you would rather be doing the opposite?
If you have answered yes to the first question in each of these pairs, then you want to develop the good character traits known as moral virtues.
XV. Next to each proverb, determine what value is being taught or what vice is conveyed by it. Discuss them with your partner supporting your idea with some information.
Better die with honor than live with shame.
Better be envied than pitied.
Envy shoots at others, and wounds herself.
After a thrifty father, a prodigal son.
It is better to give than to receive.
It is hard for a greedy eye to have a leal heart.
Honour is the reward of virtue.
He that hurts another hurts himself.
Idle people have the least leisure.
Lying and thieving go together.
Patience is the virtue.
Every sin brings its punishment with it.
A thief passes for a gentleman when stealing has made him rich.
Poverty is no vice but an inconvenience.
Pride goes before, the shame follows.
Once a thief, always a thief.
XVI. Read the following advertisements from newspapers and magazines and name the value implied in them.
1) Nicaraguan children find a family.
2) There is no place like Homecoming at Eastern.
3) Peace Corps Get ready to redefine your word!
4) Reader touched by Afghan Teachers.
5) The truth behind the Greek life.
6) Respecting and helping your children and young adults.
XVII. a) Fill in the statements with appropriate words or phrases or those of denial, objection, contradiction, etc., providing some credible information.
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1) …No specific virtue or vice in a man implies the existence of any other specific virtue or vice in him, however closely the imagination. ….
2) Virtue consists,….not in abstaining from vice, but in not desiring it…
3) Self-denial is not a virtue,…: it is only the effect of prudence on rascality…
4) Disobedience,… the rarest and most courageous of the virtues, is seldom distinguished from neglect, …the laziest and commonest of the vices….
5)…Economy is the art of making the most of life…
6)The love of economy… is the root of all virtue.
(Bernard Shaw “Man and Superman” from
“Maxims for Revolutionists”)
B) Comment on the implicit meaning of these statements.
XVIII. a) Analyze and explain the following statement.
B)Provide some credible information or situation from your life experience to illustrate it.
Vice has always a new fresh young face while virtue is venerable as nothing else in the world is.
(John Steinbeck “East of Eden”)
XIX. a) Most of the brief tales traditionally ascribed to Aesop, a Greek slave on the island of Samos (6th century B.C.) are about animals with human traits, but in some there are human characters. The stories are simple, short and direct. Their purpose is to illustrate some human folly, frailty, vice or virtue. This is made plain by the appended moral.
What human follies, frailties, vices and virtues are
Illustrated in Aesop’s fables given below?
The Frog and the Ox
“Oh Father,” said a little Frog to the big one sitting by the side of a pool, “I have seen such a terrible monster? It was as big as a mountain, with horns on its head, and a long tail, and it had hoofs divided in two”.
“Tush, child, tush,” said the old Frog, “that was only Farmer White’s Ox. It isn’t so big either; he may be a little bit taller than I, but I could easily make myself quite as broad’ just you see.” So he blew himself out, and blew himself out, and blew himself out. “Was he as big as that?” asked he.
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“Oh, much bigger than that,” said the young Frog.
Again the old one blew himself out, and asked the young one if the Ox was as big as that.
“Bigger, father, bigger,” was the reply.
So the Frog took a deep breath, and blew and blew and blew, and swelled and swelled and swelled and swelled. And then he said: ”I’m sure the Ox is not as big as…” But at this moment he burst.
Androcles
A slave named Androcles once escaped from his master and fled to the forest. As he was wandering about there he came upon a Lion lying down moaning and groaning. At first he turned to flee, but finding that the Lion did not pursue him, he turned back and went up to him. As he came near, the Lion put out his paw, which was all swollen and bleeding, and Androcles found that a huge thorn had got into it, and was causing all the pain. He pulled out the thorn and bound up the paw of the Lion, who was soon able to rise and lick the hand of Androcles like a dog. Then the Lion took Androcles to his cave, and every day used to bring him meat from which to live. But shortly afterwards both Androcles and the Lion were captured, and the slave was sentenced to be thrown to the Lion, after the latter had been kept without food for several days. The Emperor and all his Court came to see the spectacle, and Androcles was led out into the middle of the arena. Soon the Lion was let loose from his den, and rushed bounding and roaring towards his victim. But as soon as he came near to Androcles he recognised his friend, and fawned upon him, and licked his hands like a friendly dog. The Emperor, surprised at this, summoned Androcles to him, who told him the whole story. Whereupon the slave was pardoned and freed, and the Lion let loose to his native forest.
The Hart in the Ox-Stall
A Hart hotly pursued by the hounds fled for refuge into an ox-stall, and buried itself in a truss of hay, leaving nothing to be seen but the tips of his horns. Soon after the Hunters came up and asked if any one had seen the Hart. The stable boys, who had been resting after their dinner, looked round, but could see nothing, and the Hunters went away. Shortly afterwards
the master came in, and looking round, saw that something unusual had taken place. He pointed to the truss of hay and said: “What are those two curious things sticking out of the hay?” And when the stable boys came to look they discovered the Hart, and soon made an end of him. He thus learnt that….
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