СЕКЦИЯ 1. СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНДУСТРИИ ТУРИЗМА И ГОСТЕПРИИМСТВА
TOURISM AND SERVICE INDUSTRY: STATE, PROBLEMS, EFFICIENCY, INNOVATIONS
Assanova Gulnura
Bachelor
Zholzhanova Nurbanu
Eurasian National University
Abstract: tourism is currently developing very rapidly. It is tourism that has become one of the available means of knowing the world around us, its history, attractions and cultural heritage. Tourism is a type of service and belongs to the rapidly developing sectors of the economy. In the modern scientific literature, there are many definitions of the terms "tourism" and "hospitality."
Hospitality is a more precise concept, since it is aimed at meeting the needs of not only tourists but also consumers in general. It should be noted that the concept of tourism and hospitality cannot be considered separately: these are two interrelated terms. Tourists are potential consumers who have diverse desires and needs, depending on the purposes of their travels. The concept of "hospitality" in all dictionaries is interpreted as a kind welcome of guests, hospitality in relation to the guests.
Key words: Globalization, innovation, world economy/global economy, movement of capital, central and eastern Europe, technical progress (or technological progress), environmental protection, international trade, TNC (transnational corporations), sustainable development.
Tourism entered the 21st century as the most steadily developing sector of the economy, which seriously affects the social and economic development of many countries of the world. For 38% of countries, tourism is the main source of income, and for 83% of countries tourism is one of the five main sources of income.
The world tourism has achieved particular success in the last 30 years, when the number of international tourists has quadrupled, and foreign currency earnings have increased 25 times. This area accounts for more than 10% of the world's gross national product, more than 6% of global investment, every 10th job, and 12% of global consumer spending.
Tourism has a huge impact on key sectors of the economy, such as transportation, hotel and restaurant services, trade, construction, consumer goods and many others, acting as a catalyst for social and economic development.
The tourism industry is a branch of the economy, which has a noble goal - the development of culture and education, the organization of communication and recreation, the restoration of human strength.
Factors affecting the development of tourism. All specialists in the field of tourism agree that the basis for the development of tourism is economic and social progress. A more detailed analysis makes it possible to identify among the many factors affecting the development of tourism the main ones: political, economic, socio-demographic, cultural-cognitive, scientific and technical.
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Political factors. Stable political situation in the country is a necessary condition for the functioning of the tourist business. In addition, for the development of tourism in a particular country, the type of international relations that has developed with other states is important; the state of trade and payment balance of the given country and its partners; the international situation in the world or a particular region.
Economic forces. Growth of incomes of the population in economically developed countries allows the population of these countries to spend more money for travel. An analysis of tourist incomes from a number of European countries made it possible to reveal that in the tourist flow of almost all countries, the middle class is dominant in material situation (from 40% in the Netherlands to 59% in Italy), and also the high-income category (Netherlands, Germany, Great Britain), demanding for highly comfortable accommodation and service conditions.
The population of countries with a high standard of living is characterized by high expenditure on tourism. According to the population's expenses for tourism, all countries of the world can be conditionally divided into three groups:
costs exceed $ 500. per one inhabitant;
costs range from $ 150 to $ 500. per one inhabitant:
costs are less than $ 150. per one inhabitant.
The development of tourism is significantly influenced by the external economic activities of states, the processes of integration and globalization taking place in all sectors of the world economy. This contributes to the growth of business activity of the world's population and the emergence of new types of business tourism.
However, such phenomena in the economy as tightening of customs formalities, financial instability (inflation, stagnation), economic strikes, can significantly restrain the activities of tourism industry organizations.
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Cultural factors. These include the satisfaction of cultural, educational and aesthetic needs, which contributes to the development of people's desire for knowledge, research of life, traditions, culture and history of other countries and peoples. It should be noted that the commitment to these or other types of recreation and, accordingly, the satisfaction of their cultural needs is very different across countries. For example, many residents of Great Britain (46%), Belgium (35%), Germany (32%) prefer rest at the warm sea; leisure in the cities attracts Japanese (51%), Spaniards (33%), French (25%); In the travels around the countries, residents of Italy (41%) and France (32%) spend their rest.
Scientific and technical progress. At present, thanks to scientific and technological progress, the time spent on the road decreases when traveling long distances; Improved standards of service on transport, which is becoming more comfortable for passengers; there are new direct flights, highways.
When servicing tourists, modern computer management technologies are used, the possibilities of global computer networks that allow to form a tourist product for the client in a short time, taking into account various tariffs and systems of encouraging regular customers. Further development of tourism is impossible without the construction of new and reconstruction of existing tourism facilities taking into account the latest achievements of science and technology; enhancing the culture and quality of service on the basis of industrialization, technology and computerization of the tourism industry; rational use of available material resources; application of modern technologies for tourist service.
The development of tourism depends on the awareness of tourists about possible places for recreation and travel. The development of the media and their capabilities allowed tourism organizations to promote both tourism in general, as well as individual tourist products or services.
Conclusion: In the next decade tourism will remain the largest source of job creation in a number of regions of the world. The further differentiation of the offer of the tourist product is predicted, with the purpose of ever wider coverage of consumers with various opportunities and needs. The further process of concentration of capitals, creation of large international companies and corporations will continue, the tendency of integration processes in the tourism industry will remain.
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Literature:
1. 14th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing, GCSM 3-5 October 2016, Stellenbosch, South Africa/ Competitive Sustainable Globalization General Considerations and Perspectives/ Francesco Jovane, Günther Seligeb, Tim Stock
2. International Conference on Leadership, Technology and Innovation Management/ Open innovation management: challenges and prospects/ Abdul-Hadi G. Abulrub , Junbae Lee
3. International journal of environmental & science education/ Assessment of the Impact of Globalization on the Introduction of Innovative Technology Companies in the Hospitality Industry/ Natalia A. Zaitseva, Anna A. Larionova, Konstantin V. Yumato, Natalia M. Korsunova and Nina V. Dmitrieva
4. http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2017/part-1-global-risks-2017/?doing_wp_cron=1523192636.9327230453491210937500
5. https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/041200to.htm
6. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp050206
7. https://www.nap.edu/read/11924/chapter/11#139
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