Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the words given in the box.
| researchers into the world networking goal a phenomenal rate data and researches to conduct |
1. ... began experimenting with linking computers.
2. Their ... was the development of a data network that could survive a nuclear attack.
3. ... efforts had required a line between each computer on the network.
4. This system allowed computers to share ... to exchange electronic mail or e-mail.
5. Some college students developed a way to use it ... online conferences.
6. This network of networks expanded at....
7. Now anybody with a computer and modem could tap…
UNIT 5
INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET
Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions after the text.
Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser.
The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast.
There are numerous users of the WWW, and more than half of the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. All sorts of things are available on the WWW.
One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast 24 live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through the WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.
Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.
1. What is the Internet used for?
2. Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet?
3. What is World Wide Web?
4. What is Web browser?
5. What does a user need to have an access to the WWW?
6. What are hyperlinks?
7. What resources are available on the WWW?
8. What are the basic recreational applications of the WWW?
Task 2. Which of the listed below statements are true/false?
1. There are still not so many users of the Internet.
2. There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including education and weather forecasts.
3. People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.
4. Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way.
5. You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.
6. You need a computer (hardware) and a special program (software) to be a WWW user.
7. You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.
8. Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs to step by step enter links and addresses.
9. Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.
10. Radio and TV-broadcasting is a future of Internet. They're not available yet.
Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the words given in the box.
| Provider Internet WWW Web browser transactions browser |
1. You access the information through one interface or tool called a ...
2. People connected to the WWW through the local ... have access to a variety of information.
3. The WWW is a part of the ...
4. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the ...
5. Each ... provides a graphical interface.
6. People share information and make commercial and business …
Unit 6
AUTOMATION
Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions after the text:
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly auto-mated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.
Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.
Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy work pieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.
In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.
The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.
Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.
Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.
More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.
Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.
Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on. Automation in Industry
Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialling and transmission are all done automatically. Rail-ways are also controlled by automatic signalling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.
Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.
The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.
Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.
1. How is the term automation defined in the text?
2. What is the most «familiar example» of automation given in the text?
3. What was the first step in the development of automaton?
4. What were the first robots originally designed for?
5. What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production?
6. What is feedback principle?
7. What do the abbreviations CAM and CAD stand for?
8. What is FMS?
9. What industries use automation technologies?
Task 2. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:
1. автоматичні пристрої
2. автоматизоване виробництво
3. виконувати прості завдання
4. як легкі, так і важкі деталі
5. інтегрована система виробництва
6. принцип зворотного зв'язку
7. механізм може розганятися і гальмувати
8. комп'ютер автоматично посилає команди
9. високоавтоматизована система
10. невиробнича система
UNIT 7
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