Task 5. Work with a partner. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of automation. Compare your ideas with the rest of the class.
Task 6. Read the text to see whether your ideas are true or false:
Automation Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages commonly attributed to automation include higher production rates and increased productivity, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, shorter workweeks for labour, and reduced factory lead times. Higher output and increased productivity have been two of the biggest reasons in justifying the use of automation. Despite the claims of high quality from good workmanship by humans, automated systems typically perform the manufacturing process with less variability than human workers, resulting in greater control and consistency of product quality. Also, increased process control makes more efficient use of materials.
Worker safety is an important reason for automating an industrial operation. Automated systems often remove workers from the workplace, thus safeguarding them against the hazards of the factory environment.
Another benefit of automation is the reduction in the number of hours worked on average per week by factory workers. The time required to process a typical production order through the factory is generally reduced with automation.
The main disadvantage often associated with automation, besides worker displacement is the high capital expenditure required to invest in automation (an automated system can cost millions of dollars to design, fabricate, and install), a higher level of maintenance needed in comparison with a manually operated machine, and a generally lower degree of flexibility in terms of the possible products as compared with a manual system (even flexible automation is less flexible than humans, the most versatile machines of all).
Also there are potential risks that automation technology will enslave rather than serve humankind. The risks include the possibility that workers will become slaves to automated machines, that the privacy of humans will be invaded by vast computer data networks, that human error in the management of technology will somehow endanger civilization, and that society will become dependent on automation for its economic well-being.
If we put these dangers aside, automation technology, if used wisely and effectively, can give substantial opportunities for the future. There is an opportunity to relieve humans from repetitive, hazardous, and unpleasant labour in all forms. And there is an opportunity for future automation technologies to provide a growing social and economic environment in which humans can enjoy a higher standard of living and a better way of life.
Task 7. Match the sentence beginnings (1 - 6) to the correct endings (a - f):
| 1. | High productivity and output justify | a. | are disadvantages of automated equipment. |
| 2. | Reduction in the number of hours worked per week | b. | is invasion into human privacy. |
| 3. | High capital expenditure and high level of maintenance | c. | the use of automation |
| 4. | One of the risks of automation | d. | a human makes an error in management of technology. |
| 5. | Civilization can be endangered if | e. | higher standard of living. |
| 6. | Automation can provide | f. | is one of the benefits of automation. |
Task 8. Complete the following list of benefits and disadvantages of automation based on the information from the text and adding the ideas of your own. Give three first places to those that you consider most significant. Discuss your ideas with the rest of the group.
| Benefits | Disadvantages |
| 1. Higher production rates 2. ... 3. ... 4. ... | 1. Worker displacement 2. ... 3. ... 4. ... |
Task 9. Translate into English:
1. Усуваючи робітників з робочих місць, автоматизовані системи часто охороняють їх від небезпечних видів робіт.
2. Автоматизація потребує вищого рівня технічного обслуговування, ніж традиційне обладнання.
3. Хоча автоматизовані системи виконують операції з вищою швидкістю, люди можуть до тих самих операцій підходити творчо.
4. Одна з найбільших небезпек, які несе автоматизація – це втручання у приватне життя людини.
Unit 19
COMPUTER SIMULATION
Word list:
| 1. | simulate simulation | - моделювати імітацією, відтворювати - імітаційне моделювання, відтворювання |
| 2. | engineer | - винаходжувати, створювати |
| 3. | gain insight | - осягати (розумом) |
| 4. | observe | - спостерігати |
| 5. | network-based | - мережний |
| 6. | run | - функціонувати, діяти, управляти |
| 7. | ongoing | - безперервний |
| 8. | exceed | - переходити межі, перевищувати |
| 9. | scale | - масштаб |
| 10. | versus | - порівнюючи з, проти |
| 11. | via | - за допомогою, через |
| 12. | attempt | - намагатися |
| 13. | solution | - рішення |
| 14. | enable | - дозволяти, давати можливість |
| 15. | prediction | - прогноз, розрахунок |
| 16. | behaviour | - поведінка |
| 17. | purely | - чисто |
| 18. | whereas | - тоді як |
| 19. | missing | - відсутній |
| 20. | reveal | - виявляти |
| 21. | note | - помічати, записувати |
| 22. | imply | - значити, мати на увазі |
| 23. | flight simulator | - пілотажний тренажер |
| 24. | entertainment | - розвага |
Task 1. Match the words with close meaning:
| 1. | ongoing | a. | try |
| 2. | run | b. | find out |
| 3. | via | c. | operate |
| 4. | attempt | d. | while |
| 5. | reveal | e. | continuous |
| 6. | prediction | f. | absent |
| 7. | whereas | g. | by means of |
| 8. | missing | h. | forecast |
Task 2. Write a question that asks about the words in italics:
| e.g. | Where does he live? He lives in Rome. |
| 1. | __________________? He is missing. He’s left for a couple of days. |
| 2. | _________________ ? Real versusSpartak. They played in a draw. |
| 3. | _________________ ? I don’t like his behavior. He has been rude with his teachers and classmates. |
| 4. | _________________ ? I’ve heard scientists’ predictions though I hardly believe them. |
| 5. | _________________ ? They have regular training on flight simulators, it will very much help in future. |
Task 3. Make up as many word-combinations as you can with the following words:
1. to simulate … (e.g. to simulate a physical process, etc.)
2. ongoing …
3. scale of …
4. … solution
5. prediction of …
6. to gain insight into …
7. to enable to …
8. to note …
Task 4. Complete the table:
| VERB | NOUN |
| observation | |
| attempt | |
| solve | |
| entertainment | |
| predict | |
| implication | |
| note | |
| gain |
Task 5. Read the text and match the paragraphs (1 - 5) with the topics (A - E) below:
Computer Simulation
1. A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a computer program, or network of computers, that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical modelling of many natural systems in physics (computational physics), chemistry and biology, human systems in economics, psychology, and social science and in the process of engineering new technology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems, or to observe their behaviour.
2. Computer simulations vary from computer programs that run a few minutes, to network-based groups of computers running for hours, to ongoing simulations that run for days. The scale of events being simulated by computer simulations has far exceeded anything possible using the traditional paper-and-pencil mathematical modelling.
3. Simulation versus modeling. Traditionally, the formal modelling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions to problems and which enables the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions.
4. While computer simulations might use some algorithms from purely mathematical models, computers can combine simulations with reality of actual events, such as generating input responses, to simulate test subjects who are no longer present. Whereas the missing test subjects are being modelled/simulated, the system they use could be the actual equipment, revealing performance limits or defects in long-term use by the simulated users.
5. Note that the term computer simulation is broader than computer modelling, which implies that all aspects are being modelled in the computer representation. However, computer simulation also includes generating inputs from simulated users to run actual computer software or equipment, with only part of the system being modelled: an example would be flight simulators which can run machines as well as actual flight software.
Computer simulations are used in many fields, including science, technology, entertainment, and business planning.
A. Variations of computer simulations.
B. The difference between computer simulation and modelling.
C. Computer simulation is close to reality.
D. The range of computer simulation application.
E. How mathematical modelling works.
Task 6. Find out one meaningful mistake in each sentence and correct it:
1. Traditional paper-and-pencil mathematical modelling has exceeded computer simulation.
2. Computer simulation and computer modelling are synonyms.
3. Computer simulations never use any algorithms from purely mathematical models.
4. During mathematical modelling missing test subjects are being modeled.
5. During computer simulation only part of the system can be modelled.
Task 7. Fill in the gaps with the suitable word from the box:
| insight | performance | observe |
| actual | modelling | flight |
1. Computer simulation have become a useful part in the process of … new mathematical technologies.
2. Computers can combine simulation with reality of … events to simulate test subjects.
3. Computer simulation helps gain … into the natural and human systems and … their behavior.
4. The system can reveal … limits and defects in long-term use by simulated users.
5. Flight simulators can run both machines and actual … software.
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