Task 6. Read and translate the text. Choose the main information from every paragraph.
TEXT
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATION
The technology of automation has evolved from the mechanization, which had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution. Mechanization refers to the replacement of human (or animal) power with mechanical power of some form. The first tools made of stone represented prehistoric man's attempts to direct his own physical strength under the control of human intelligence. Thousands of years were required for the development of simple mechanical devices and machines such as the wheel, the lever.
More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing water and waterwheels. The early Greeks experimented with simple reaction motors powered by steam. The mechanical clock, representing a complex assembly with its own built-in power source, was developed about 1335 in Europe. Windmills with mechanisms for automatically turning the sails were developed during the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East. The steam engine represented a major advance in the development of powered machines and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. During the two centuries since the introduction of the Watt steam engine, powered engines and machines have been designed that get their energy from steam, electricity, and chemical, mechanical, and nuclear sources.
Another important development in the history of automation was the Jacquard loom, which demonstrated the concept of a programmable machine. About 1801 the French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an automatic loom capable of producing complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of many shuttles of different coloured threads. The selection of the different patterns was determined by a program contained in steel cards in which holes were punched. These cards were the ancestors of the paper cards and tapes that control modern automatic machines. The concept of programming a machine was developed later in the 19th century when Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, proposed a complex, mechanical “analytical engine” that could perform arithmetic and data processing. This device was the precursor of the modern digital computer.
Task 7. Make up as many combinations as you can with the following words:
1. industrial ... 6. automatic ...
2. mechanical ... 7. nuclear ...
3. human ... 8. digital ...
4. powered ... 9. important...
5. complex ... 10. modern ...
Task 8. Find expressions in the text which mean the following:
1. промислова революція, 2. обробка інформації, 3. наступний крок, 4. складна конструкція, 5. парова машина, 6. джерело ядерної енергії, 7. важливе досягнення.
Task 9. Translate sentences paying attention to different meanings of the underlined words:
| 1. | a. The early tools were made of stone. b. Modern tools are programmable machines. |
| 2. | a. Automation has developed from mechanization. b. The first powered machines were developed during the Middle Ages. |
| 3. | a. The process of producing complex patterns in textiles could be realized by Jacquard loom in 1801. b. Charles Babbage proposed to process data by means of his mechanical “analytical engine”. |
| 4. | a. Powered machines did not require human strength to operate. b. The Jacquard loom was operated by means of a program contained in steel cards with punched holes. |
Task 10. Choose the most appropriate word from the box to make sentences complete. There is one extra word.
| a. engine, b. power, с. devices, d. water, e. computer, f. mechanisms, g. assembly, h. machine |
1. Mechanization refers to the replacement of human ... with mechanical power. 2. Simple mechanical ... were replaced by powered machines. 3. The Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing .... . 4. The mechanical clock represented a complex ... with its own built-in power source. 5. Windmills had ... for automatically turning the sails. 6. The Watt steam ... marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. 7. The Jacquard loom demonstrated the concept of a programmable ... .
Task 11. Fill in the gabs using information about the development of automation technology.
Task 12. Answer the questions:
1. What does mechanization refer to? 2. What were the first tools made of in prehistoric times? 3. What kinds of simple mechanical devices and machines were developed under the control of human intelligence? 4. What are the examples of powered machines that did not require human strength to operate? 5. What powdered tool was developed by the Chinese 2,000 years ago? 6. What motors did the early Greeks experiment with? 7. What kind of clock was developed in 1335 in Europe? 8. What kinds of windmills were developed during the Middle Ages in Europe and the Middle East? 9. What powered machine marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution? 10. Who was the inventor of the steam engine? 11. What kinds of powered engines and machines have been invented since the introduction of the Watt steam engine? 12. What concept did the Jacquard loom demonstrate? 13. What could this automatic loom produce? 14. Who developed the concept of programming a machine in the 19-th century? 15. What engine did Charles Babbage propose? 16. What is the historical role of this device?
Task 13. Describe the development of:
a. mechanical devices;
b. powered automatic devices and engines;
c. programmable automatic machines.
UNIT 2
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