Main approaches to study of human psyche.
Development of emotions
From birth until about the age of four the whole of the child’s emotional needs are centred on the mother.
The division which the child may be imagined to be making at this stage is between what is “me” – what is “not me”. “Not me” comes to be recognized as a constant element against an inconstant background. This soon turns into a recognition of the mother as another person.
From the age about four to about seven there is a change in his relationship occasioned by the child’s growing capacity to form separate relationships with other people. Although the influence of the mother are of supreme importance in forming the child’s attitude to these relationships.
The normal child is by nature eager and accepting, but these qualities will emerge provided that the parents are accepting in their attitude towards the child. Children are both remarkably plastic and resilient. It is always possible for the child to regain an emotional equilibrium if the parental troubles can be removed.
From industrial to organizational psychology
Industrial psychologists found themselves working closely with engineers to analyze the basic characteristics of work in order to give each individual worker a job. A job maximized his human capabilities, team-work among employees and overall efficiency. Thus “time-and-motion” studies were carried out to determine how competent workers actually perform a given job.
But psychologists recognized that the quality of individual member’s work is related to his image of the organization as a whole. The organization is a complex social system.
The difference between the industrial psychologist and the organizational psychologist is twofold. Traditional questions such as training, job analysis and so on are treated by organizational psychologists as being interrelated.
The organizational psychologist has begun to be concern with a new series of questions. The questions are derived from the recognition of the system characteristics of organizations.
Functions of dream
Freud construct a theory of dreams as a protector of sleep. If subjects are awakened every time there is an onset of REM, they have a night’s sleep without dreams. After deprivation there was more REM sleep the following night, indicating that there is a kind of “quota” for REM.
When there is less REM sleep one night, more will be required the next. But REM is prominent in infants and also lower mammals. The only conclusion is that the psycho-physiological studies of dreams have given little support to the Freudian theory.
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But from the work done so far, it appears that dreaming serves several cognitive functions. It is involved in mood changes; it offers a kind of workshop for the repair of self-esteem and competence.
Human function in man-machine system
Human beings perform three basic types of functions: information-receiving; information-processing and decision-making; and action.
In designing the equipment for a job there are two major considerations.
In the first place, in some circumstances the sense is suggested by the nature of the source of information. In the second place, either of two sense avenues could be used in the transmission of information.
The simple sensory process of receiving a stimulus through a sense organ is inextricably interwinded with perception. Given certain information input, the decision function is that of determining what action would bring about the output.
The system should be so designed as to take advantage of man’s abilities to make complex decisions.
Humanistic psychology.
Humanistic psychology exemplified by such outstanding writers as Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Eric Fromm and Rollo May.
Humanistic psychology focuses on the individual as a whole person. The humanistic psychologist does recognize the influence of early conditioning and of unconscious drives.
Man has learned to anticipate the consequences of his most complex behaviour. He is capable of ordering his life into paths of his own choice.
Great importance is attached to awareness of self-of values, suffering and joy. Humanistic psychology sees man as being inherently good.
Interpersonal attraction
Surveys have shown that people do not rank physical attractiveness as very important in their liking of other people. In actual pairing off people tend to end up with partners who closely match them in physical attractiveness.
If we cannot all be beautiful, some of us might be able to get on by our competence. The evidence, however, is mixed. It may be that some people are just too perfect and that when they commit some blunder, they become more human in our eyes and more likable. We tend to like people who like us and reject those who reject us.
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If all else fails in our guest to get someone to like us, the simple persistence might be our only recourse. Newcomb’s experiment shows that regardless of whether low or high similarity had been the basis for room assignment, roommates came to be attracted to one another.
Main approaches to study of human psyche.
There are 4 approaches to psychology: behaviourism, psychoanalysis, humanistic approach, Russian school of psychophysiology.
The American psychologist John Watson was the first, who advanced the view, that behaviour is the sole subject-matter of psychology. He believes that man is still basically what his environment makes him.
The basic problem is to find out how man behaves or responds as a result of changes or improvements in the environment or stimuli. This approach is often referred to as stimulus – response or S-R psychology.
Sigmund Freud founded the psychoanalysis. Personality depends on the actions of 3 major forces: the id, the ego and the superego. The ego is often under strain to withstand the pleasure forces from the id. The ego and the superego are the mere tips of the id.
The humanistic school view is that man becomes what he makes of himself by his own actions and thoughts. Humanists believe that man is born basically good and that conscious forces are more important than unconscious forces.
Russian psychology was inseparably linked with the development of research into psycho-physiology in the works of Pavlov, Beckterev and Orbeli.
Russian scientist asserted in psychology the Marxist teaching on activity and its socio-historical foundation, the ideas of Lenin’s theory of reflection.
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