CONSUMPTION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
1) The water furnished to a city can be classifiedaccording to its ultimate use or end. The uses are: Domestic: This includes water furnished to houses, hotels, etc., for sanitary, culinary, drinking, washing, bathing and other purposes. This also includes air conditioning of residences and irrigation or sprinkling of privately owned gardens and lawns, a practice that may havea considerable effect upon total consumption in some parts of the country. The domestic consumption may be expected to be 50 percent of the total in the average city; but where the total consumption is small the proportion will be much greater.
2) Commercial and Industrial: Water so classified is that furnished to industrial and commercial plants. Its importance will depend upon local conditions, such as the existence of large industries, and whether or not the industries patronize the public waterworks. In cities of 25,000 people commercial consumption may be expected to amount to about 15 percent of the total consumption.
3) Public Use: Public buildings, such as city halls, jails and schools as well as public service – flushing street and fire protection – require much water for which, usually, the city is not paid. Such water amounts to 50 to 75 l per capita.
4) Loss and Waste: This water is sometimes classified as “uncounted for”, although some of the loss and waste may be accounted for in the sense that its cause and amount are approximately known. It is apparent that the unaccounted-for water, and also waste by customers, can be reducedby careful maintenance of the water system and by universal metering of all water services.
5) The total consumption will be the sum of the foregoing uses and the loss and waste. The average daily per capita consumption may be takento be 670 l. Each city has to be studied,particularly with regard to individual and commercial uses and actual or probable loss and waste. Care mustalsobe takenin considering per capita figures since the figure may be based upon persons actually served or upon census population of the city.
II. Read the following text. Find the modal verbs and their equivalents in them. Translate the sentences paying attention to the active and passive forms of the modals:
RELATION TO WATER CONSUMPTION
Sanitary sewage and industrial waste will obviously be derived largely from the water supply. According, an estimate of the amount of such wastes to be expected must be prefaced by a study of water consumption, either under present conditions or at some time in the future. The proportion of the water consumed which will reach, the sewer must be decided upon after careful consideration of local conditions. Water used for steam boilers in industries, air conditioning, and that used to water lawns and gardens may or may not reach the sewers. On the other hand, many industrial plants may have their own supplies but discharge their wastes into the sewers. Although the sewage may vary in individual cities from 70 to 130 percent of the water consumed, designers frequently assume that the average rate of sewage flow, including a moderate allowance for infiltration, equals the average rate of water consumption.
|
|
|
III. Translate the following text paying attention to the modal verbs in active and passive forms:
The first step in any industrialization project should be preparation for plant construction. It is economically desirable to use local materials for this. It is well-known that metals form the most important group of engineering materials. One must know that they possess necessary mechanical and physical properties. They can be easily fabricated into various forms by a variety of techniques. They are hard, tough, strong and temperature-resistant, a combination of properties not available in any other materials. The properties of metals can be changed by heat treatment so that the fabrication is much easier since the work pieces can have properties quite different from those needed in the final product.
IV. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1) Вам следовало бы принять во внимание все подробности, когда вы обсуждали этот вопрос. 2) Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал на экзамен. 3) У меня много работы. Я должен успеть ее выполнить в срок. 4) Она могла бы сделать эту работу сама. 5) Вероятно, он забыл о нашей встрече. 6) Должно быть, он очень занят и не смог нам перезвонить. 7) Он мог бы сообщить о том, что не придет заранее. 8) Ему не нужно было отменять деловую встречу. 9) К сожалению, у него не было времени позвонить. Он должен был срочно уехать. 10) Должно быть, он очень важный человек.
|
|
|
UNIT III
“CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS”
I. Read the following text. State the meanings of the modal verbs highlighted in the following sentences. Translate the sentences:
FLOOR FOR INSTALLATIONS
Дата добавления: 2018-06-01; просмотров: 328; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!