Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box.
| ■ automatically | ■ child rearing | ■ dye |
| ■ emotional | ■ fundamental | ■ means |
| ■ mindless | ■ sew | ■ sloppy |
| ■ specialisation | ■ take pride in |
1 .......................of transport are the methods we use to get from one place to another.
2.......................work is work that is not very good quality
3 To make clothes you have to know how to .......................the material together.
4 Having a.......................means that you deal with one particular area of any field.
5 You may visit a doctor if you have problems with your.......................health
6 Competition is.......................to the idea of the free market.
7 People who.......................their work do it very carefully and enjoy the results.
8 Mothers and fathers both have important roles to play in .
...................... .
9 Some people regard factory work as a .......................job but it isn't necessarily boring.
10 When you do something........................you do it without thinking.
11 When manufacturers.......................clothes, they add colour.
Reading 2
Division of labour
Without the factors of production, companies cannot get started. To be successful, however,
they need to make good use of those resources. To make best use of labour, you need to organise it. The divisior оf labour is one way to achieve this.
Let's take making shirts as an example. What do you need to do to make a shirt? You need to design it, fund the right material, cut the material, sew the pieces together, dye the shirt and sew on the buttons. One person working on their own Could probably do all these tasks. This is one way to organise labour. Another way is for a number of" workers to share the job. Each worker is responsible for one task inthe process. This is an example of the division of labour
The division of labour isn't a new idea. Even very early societies had some form of labour specialisation. For example, in some societies men were hunters and gatherers of food, while women were responsible for child rearing. However, as
societies became industrialised, the division of labour increased. Factories became the main
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means ofproduction, and each factory worker became responsible for smaller and smaller stagesin the process.
As each worker gets more and moreexperience at doing their particular task, they get letter and better at it. This should improve the quality of their work. With smaller task to do. workers can do things autumatically, without thinking about them. This will speed up their productivity, and speed up the whole production process. Finally, small tasks are easier to learn. As the division of labourincreases, the amount o| time needed to train each worker decreases All of this means a more efficient and productive workforce ... at least, in theory.
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There is, however, a human factor to consider Workers arc not machines Their physical and emotional health has an impact on their productivity. Repeating the same simple task over and over again is very boring. Bored workers can't concentrate easily, and their mistakes will reduce the quality of their output. In addition, there is the problem of ownership. Many workers take pride in their work. They don't just work for wages, but also because they get satisfaction from doing a good job or from creating something useful or beautiful. If you only add buttons to a shirt, you don't feel that the shirt is your work. You cant take pride in a job that does not need skill to do. In this situation, workers become careless and their work becomes sloppy. Overall, this has a negative impact on productivity.
Thankfully, robots and machines can now do many of the mindless tasks that factory workers used to do. Nevertheless, the theory of the division of labour is still fundamental to all moderneconomies.
E Comprehension
Now read the text again and match each paragraph with the correct heading.
PARAGRAPH 1.......................
PARAGRAPH 2.......................
PARAGRAPH 3.......................
PARAGRAPH 4.......................
PARAGRAPH 5.......................
PARAGRAPH 6.......................
A The advantages of the division of labour
В Technology has replaced a lot of human labour
С Two ways to organise labour
D The disadvantages of the division of labour
E Division of labour in history
F Making best use of what's available
Before you listen _
Discuss the following with your partner.
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Read through the questions and tell each other what you think the correct answer might be.
1 When did Ford invent the Model T car?
A 1908
В 1918
С 1928
2 What was special about Ford's cars?
A They were the first quick car.
В They were affordable.
С Most Americans had one.
3 How did Ford keep costs low?
A By using cheap materials.
В By organising his labour force.
С By timing workers.
4 What did Ford have in 1930?
A The largest labour force in the world.
В The fastest production line in the world.
С The largest factory in the world.
5 In his film Modern Times Charlie Chaplin ...
A was criticising the effects of mass production.
В focused on Ford's factories.
С played a factory owner.
F Listening )))
Now listen and check your answers
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G Speaking
Discuss these questions with your partner.
Do you think some division of labour is natural?
Are some people better suited to some jobs than others?
Do economies really need entrepreneurs?
Task
Work in groups of three. Talk about each of the items listed below. Use the space below to make notes.
What factors of production are necessary?
What would be the best way to organise labour to produce the following items?
pencil
portrait painted in oil paints newspaper high quality violin
Notes:
H Writing
You are the production manager for a new manufacturing company. (You decide what the company manufactures).The managing director has asked you to produce a report on the following.
the land, capital and labour resources which
are required the best way to organise production
Business report
Use these notes to help you.
PARAGRAPH 1 Introduction.
What this report is about and who it is for.
PARAGRAPH 2
Raw materials required.
Equipment required.
Buildings and transport required.
PARAGRAPH 3
Labour force required (numbers).
Human capital issues (qualifications and skills
expected / training required).
PARAGRAPH 4
Division of labour - how should labour be organised for production.
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CONCLUSION
Say you hope to be successful if your suggestions (sum up your points in a sentence) are followed.
Write 200-250 words
Pronunciation guide
Maintenance
Apparatus
Quantity
Entrepreneurship
Automatically
Rear
Sew
Efficient
Gatherer
Ownership
Quality
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