VIII. Retell the text, add more of your opinion.
Общее описание судна. General Description of a Ship
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and expressions:
| 1. | starboard/port side | правый/левый борт |
| 2. | bulkhead | переборка |
| 3. | double bottom | двойное дно |
| 4. | freeboard | надводная часть судна |
| 5. | roll | бортовая качка |
| 6. | pitch | килевая качка |
| 7. | anchor | якорь |
| 8. | derrick | кран-стрела, деррик |
| 9. | winch | лебедка |
| 10. | to let out (mooring lines) | отдавать, выпускать (швартов) |
| 11. | hatch cover | люковое закрытие, крышка люка |
| 12. | gear | редуктор, привод, механизм |
| 13. | load line | грузовая ватерлиния |
| 14. | to stow | укладывать груз |
| 15. | tween deck | твиндек |
| 16. | poop | ют |
| 17. | forecastle | полубак |
| 18. | trim | дифферент, правильное размещение груза |
| 19. | heel | крен |
| 20. | list or inclination | крен на один из бортов |
| 21. | to engrave | (вы)гравливать |
| 22. | ship's underwater body | подводная часть корпуса судна |
| 23. | permanent housing/superstructure | постоянные постройки/надстройка |
| 24. | draught marks | марки углубления |
| 25. | Load Line Certificate | свидетельство о грузовой марки |
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text, paying attention to the words in italics.
The Main Parts of a Ship
The main body of a ship is called a hull. The hull is divided into three main parts: the foremost part is called the bow; the rearmost part is called the stern; the part in between is called amidships. The hull is the main part of the ship. This is the area between the main deck, the sides (port and starboard) and the bottom. It is made up of frames covered with plating. The part of the hull below water is the ship's underwater body. The distance between the waterline and the main deck is the vessel's freeboard. The hull is divided up into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along.
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The hull contains the engine room, cargo space and a number of tanks. In dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds. Openings giving access to holds are called hatches. In liquid cargo vessels the cargo space is divided into tanks. At the fore end of the hull are the forepeak tanks, and at the after end are afterpeak tanks. They are used for fresh water and fuel. If a ship has double sides, the space between the sides contains wing tanks. The space between the tank top and the space contains double bottom tanks.
All permanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure. Nowadays, cargo vessels are normally built with the after location of the engine room and bridge superstructure to gain more space for cargo. The forward raised part of the deck is called the forecastle and its after raised part is the poop. On deck there are cargo handling facilities, such as cranes, winches, derricks etc. Ships having derricks also have cargo masts and cargo posts (or Samson posts) on deck.
The overall shape of a hull is designed to make the ship as stable (steady) as possible. A ship must not roll (rock from side to side) or pitch (rock from front to back) too much. Most modern ships also use stabilizing systems to reduce rolling.
The engine is fitted near the bottom of the ship in the engine room. The engine drives the propeller at the stern of a ship. The engines of most ships are steam turbines, gas turbines, or diesel engines. The largest and fastest ships have steam turbines. Steam produced in the boilers spins the bladed wheels of the turbine. The turbine, through a series of gears, drives the propeller shaft and makes the propeller revolve. On turboelectric ships, the turbine turns a generator that produces electricity for a motor. The motor, in turn, drives the propeller. Almost all merchant ships use oil as the fuel to heat the boilers that create the steam. Many of the most advanced ships have gas turbines. Gas turbines work much like steam turbines but use hot gases instead of steam.
Vessels propelled by diesel engines are called motorships. They have either geared-drive or diesel-electric machinery. On a geared-drive ship, the engine works through gears to turn the propeller. On a diesel-electric ship, the engine turns a generator that supplies current to an electric motor connected to the propeller shaft.
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Other parts and equipment of a ship include funnels(smokestacks) situated near the bridge to discharge smoke and exhaust fumes, an anchor on the left and right sides of the bow, and enough lifeboats to hold all persons onboard. Modern ships have power-driven winches to raise or lower the anchors and to bring in or let out the mooring lines used to tie vessels at a pier. Power-driven winches also operate the cranes for loading and unloading cargo. The cargo is loaded and discharged to the holds through the cargo hatches. Booms that are fitted to the masts are called derricks', they are necessary for cargo operations, especially if there is no possibility to use harbour's cranes. Derricks are operated by winches. Ships having derricks also have cargo masts and cargo posts (or Sampson posts) on deck.
Modem ships also have high-speed pumps to pump out ballast water or to pump up seawater in case of fire. Radio-telegraph equipment keeps ships in constant touch with the rest of the world. The maximum breadth of a ship is the beam. The total length measured from the foremost to the aftermost points of a ship's hull is called the length overall. The draught is the depth of the ship's bottom or keel below the water surface. The forward draught is measured at the bow and the draught aft at the stern.
Exercise 3. Give brief answers to the following questions:
1. What is the hull? 2. What are the bulkheads? 3. What does the hull contain? 4. What is the main deck? 5. What is the superstructure? 5. What is the bow? 6. What is stern? 7. How many types of engines do you know? What is the difference between them? 8. What types of ships do you know? (according to the type of the engines) 9. What the other parts and equipment do you know? 10. How is the cargo loaded and discharged? 11. What is the function of the winches/anchors? 12. Do you know the ship’s overall dimensions? 13. What does the term “draught” mean? 14. What are the main parts of a ship? 15. What is the difference between a dry cargo ship and a liquid cargo ship?
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Exercise 4. Give equivalents:
· in Russian: bulkhead, port side, to discharge, cargo space, stern, screw, weather deck, merchant ship, forecastle, hatches, underwater body, power-driven winches, anchor, wing tanks, double bottom, poop, pitching, overall dimensions, beam, plating, freeboard, ladder;
· in English: нос, водонепроницаемый отсек, загружать, правый борт, укреплять (груз), трюм, шлюпка, вытравливать (якорь), надстройка, винт, бортовая качка, откачивать, турбина, сухогруз, габаритные размеры, обшивка, теплоход, топливная цистерна (танк), корма, неправильная погрузка, пробоина, кран-стрела, грузовое пространство, танкер.
Exercise 5. Match the term with its definition.
| term | definition |
| 1. bulkheads | a. a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship |
| 2. list | b. the watertight body of a ship or boat |
| 3. deck | c. an enclosed space on a boat or on a ship |
| 4. cabin | d. the vertical surfaces dividing the internal space |
| 5. hull | e. inclination of the vessel to port side or starboard side |
Exercise 6. Read the dialogue and then make up your own one.
A: So, this is a cargo ship, isn’t it?
B: Yes. It’s a general cargo ship. Now we are on the navigating bridge. This is the place where the captain and his mates control the ship. If we look forward we’ll see the main deck and the forecastle. The main deck (or we can call it weather deck) covers the cargo spaces or holds. There are openings cut in the decks, and those openings are the hatches, one to each hold.
A: How do you load the cargo into the hold and discharge it?
B: We use derricks. A derrick is a strong boom (грузовая стрела) made of steel and wood, that can swing from side to side. But a lot of ships are fitted with cranes.
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A: How many holds are there on the ship?
B: There are four on the main deck forward and one right aft. We number them from one to five. And each hold is served by two derricks.
A: You’ve mentioned the forecastle, haven’t you?
B: Yes, right so. The forecastle is that small extra deck above the main deck, forward of number one hold, right up in the bow. It carries the anchors and their cables. I’ll take you up there in a few minutes.
Exercise 7. Choose the right variant.
Lifeboat
a) спасательная шлюпка b) моторная лодка c) плот
Poop
a) надстройка b) полубак c) ют
Gear
a) привод b) руль c) трос
Double bottom tank
a) танк двойного дна b) двойная цистерна c) второй танк
Draft
a) грузовая марка b) осадка c) погрузочная линия
Трюм
a) hold b) poop c) derrick
Грузовые помещения
a) accommodation spaces b) engine room c) cargo spaces
Обшивка корпуса
a) plating shell b) bilge keel c) shell plating
Exercise 8. Look through the text and then decide which statement is TRUE/FALSE.
· In case of flooding the watertight compartments allow a ship to be afloat with a hole.
· Bulkheads are the special decks.
· All the structures below the main deck make up the superstructure.
· Overloading and faulty loading can lead to severe damage of a ship.
· Usually cargo is stowed in the tanks.
The main parts of a ship are the hull, the engines, the propellers, and the rudder. The main body of a ship is called the hull. The hull is the watertight shell of a ship. It is divided into a number of horizontal surfaces called decks. Bulkheads are walls built between the decks, forming compartments. Each compartment has special doors that, when closed, make it watertight. Those dividing up compartments are known as tween decks* on which the cargo rests. If water floods one compartment because of an accident, closing the doors will trap the water there and prevent it from flooding other compartments. Watertight compartments enable a ship to float even with a hole in its hull. The hull is divided into three parts: fore end, midships and after end. The deck at the top of the hull is called the main deck. This deck covers the holds where the cargo is stowed. Several more decks may be above it. All the structures above the main deck make up the superstructure. At the fore end is the forecastle. At the after end the bridge superstructure and the poop are combined.
The ship's position below water must be closely watched. The angle that a ship is making fore and aft with the water is known as trim. The levels are read by numbers painted on the ship's stem and called draught marks. A list or inclination from one side to another, caused by faulty loading, is known as heel. In the course of loading load lines must be watched above all. The load lines are engraved and then painted on the both sides of ships. The divided circle on the left shows the depth to which the ship may be loaded in summer time. Below this line are, on the grid to the right, two lines. The one marked W means winter loading, the lower one marked WNA means the maximum depth to which the ship may be loaded if she is going across the North Atlantic in winter. The other marks above these are: T for tropical, F for fresh water. These lines are shown on the ship's Load Line Certificate. In case of overloading a ship, so that these lines are under water, the penalties are severe.
* the translation of the words in italics can be found in the exercise 1.
Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Чтобы обеспечить прочность и увеличить безопасности плавания корпус судна разделяется водонепроницаемыми переборками на ряд отсеков.
2. Форпик и ахтерпик используются обычно для приема забортной воды (балласта).
3.Отсеки, предназначенные для приема, воды, жидкого топлива или жидкого груза, называются цистернами или танками.
4. Отсеки судна, расположенные между вторым дном и нижней палубой и предназначенные для перевозки грузов, называются грузовыми трюмами.
5. На грузопассажирских судах в твиндеках, расположенных выше грузовой ватерлинии, размещают жилые помещения (accommodation).
МОЯ БУДУЩАЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬ ЭС
«СУДОВОЖДЕНИЕ»
1. Read and learn the following words and expressions:
Maritime Shipping Technologies - Морские технологии судоходства
Ship Power Plant Maintenance - Эксплуатация судовых установок
to be in demand - пользоваться спросом
to have a calling for - чувствовать призвание к …
Sailing Directions - лоция
Basics of Ship’s Steering - основы управления судном
Global Marine Satellite System - глобальная морская система спутниковой связи
Navigational Aids Maintenance - эксплуатация навигационных приборов
to be responsible to smb./ for smth. - быть подотчетным кому-л./ отвечать за что-л.
Deck Department - служба эксплуатации
Seaworthiness - мореходность, мореходные качества
offices-in-charge - старший начальник
to perform one’s duties - выполнять свои обязанности
to comply with - исполнять, подчиняться
to keep watch - нести вахту
to relieve - сменять
to plot the course - прокладывать курс, наносить на карту
to take bearings - брать пеленги
Log Book - вахтенный журнал
to wind [waind] (wound, wound [waund]) - заводить (механизмы)
2. Find English equivalents in the text and complete the sentences:
1. Мне посчастливилось учиться…
2. Штурманы ведут вахтенный журнал.
3. …является жизненно важным для штурмана.
4. Он всегда должен быть готов заменить капитана.
5. … в котором содержится подробный отчет…
6. Являясь одним из самых важных…
7. На судах, плавающих под иностранным флагом, старпом отвечает за…
8. … мы будем заходить во многие иностранные порты.
3. Read the text and try to understand it:
MY FUTURE OCCUPATION
I’m lucky to study at Maritime Shipping Technologies and Navigation Department which is one of the most popular in our Sevastopol National Technical University. My department consist of three faculties. Mine is called Navigation and Ship Power and it trains specialists in two fields: Navigation and Ship Power Plant Maintenance.
I have chosen to become a navigator because though new for our University this profession is in great demand. It attracts many young men as shipping industry is well developed in Sevastopol.
Being one of the most important fishing and shipping ports of Ukraine, our native city requires many specialists in this field.
My other reason for entering this department is that my father as well as my grandfather is a seafarer. So it has become a tradition for men in our family to go to sea. May be that’s why I’ve had a calling for this profession since my early childhood.
Apart from being hard and sometimes risky and even dangerous, the work of a seaman is rather well paid and, of course, honoured and romantic.
It is not easy at all to study at our department. We’ve got a lot of things to study to become experienced and skilled specialists. We do many subjects necessary for our future profession: Marine Law, Navigation, Sailing Directions, Basics of Ships Steering, Astronomy, global Marine Satellite System, Navigational Aids Maintenance… As shipping is an international industry, we’ll call at many foreign ports. For this reason we are also taught the English language to be able to communicate properly in case of necessity or urgency.
All this knowledge is of vital importance for a navigator as he’s a person of great responsibility on the ship. Navigators are part of the Deck Department on board ship. We call navigators according to their rank: the Master (Captain), the Chief Officer (First Mate), the Second Officer (Second Mate), the Third Officer (Third Mate), the Fourth Officer (Fourth Mate).
The Master is responsible for seaworthiness and economical operation of his vessel, for the safety of crew, cargo and equipment on board. He has a full authority over all persons on board his vessel, and he must be an experienced navigator.
The Chief Officer is the Master’s main assistant and the head of the Deck Department. He is an officer-in-charge in the absence of the Master and must be always ready to replace the Master and to perform his duties. He is responsible to the Master for the management and supervision of the Deck Department. On foreign-flag ships the Chief Officer is responsible for the loading, stowage, and discharge of all cargo carried by the vessel. He also ensures that the personnel of his department know and comply with all safety rules and regulations.
All Deck Officers must keep watch at the navigating bridge. They may not leave it when on watch and they relieve each other every four hours. Every navigator must know how to define the ship’s position, plot her course on the chart and take bearings. They must ensure that the latest corrected charts and navigational publications are available on board. They are responsible for care and maintenance of magnetic and gyrocompasses, care and winding of the ship’s chronometers and clocks. Moreover, navigators keep the Deck Officer’s Log Book which is full of accurate account of the navigation and activities of vessel at sea and in port.
And of course the ship’s officers are all responsible for maintenance of good order and discipline on board their ship.
Now you see that it is not an easy work waiting for me, but I don’t regret having chosen this profession and I hope to become a Master of a large tanker one day.
IV. Find the synonyms in the text:
Captain; qualified specialist; since the days I was a child; when the Master is not present; liquid-carrying vessel; placing the goods on board; feeling of being protected; seamen; to enter the port and stay there for some time; branch (of industry); members of the ship’s personnel all together.
V. Mix and match:
Maritime Shipping Technologies - глобальная морская система спутниковой связи
Ship Power Plant Maintenance - основы управления судном
to be in demand - выполнять свои обязанности
to have a calling for - мореходность, мореходные качества
Sailing Directions - лоция
Basics of Ship’s Steering - Эксплуатация судовых установок
Global Marine Satellite System - сменять
Navigational Aids Maintenance - служба эксплуатации
to be responsible to smb./ for smth. - прокладывать курс, наносить на карту
Deck Department - нести вахту
seaworthiness - чувствовать призвание к …
offices-in-charge - вахтенный журнал
to perform one’s duties - брать пеленги
to comply with - старший начальник
to keep watch - заводить (механизмы)
to relieve - эксплуатация навигационных приборов
to plot the course - исполнять, подчиняться
to take bearings - быть подотчетным кому-л./ отвечать за что-л.
Log Book - пользоваться спросом
to wind [waind] (wound, wound [waund]) - Морские технологии судоходства
VI. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is the name of your Department, Faculty, and Specialty?
2. For what reason have you chosen this profession?
3. Is your future work necessary for our city?
4. What special subjects do you study? Which of them do you find the most interesting?
5. Do you know anything about your possible career as a navigator?
6. What are the Master’s duties on board ship?
7. What about the Chief Officer’s duties?
8. Are there any special duties all navigators are responsible for?
9. Your future occupation is not an easy one, is it?
VII. Discuss with a partner:
1. Your faculty is one of the most interesting and popular. Share your opinions.
2. It is not easy become a navigator.
3. Share your easy to become a navigator.
VIII. Retell the text, add more of your opinion.
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