What are the most common causes of pilots incapacitation in flight?
AVIATION ENGLISH COURSE 2
How do you understand the term”miscommunication”?
Miscommunication is misunderstanding between a pilot and a controller. It is a situation when people don’t understand each other properly.
18. What are the reasons for miscommunication?
They are use of non-standard phraseology, idiomatic language, poor knowledge of English, too much fluency, or lack of fluency, bad pronunciation/strong local accent, controllers give long and complicated instructions, poor reception on the radio, bad readability, frequency congestion, fatigue or stress.
19. What problems can miscommunication can lead to? It can lead to flight delays, loss of separation, runway incursions, operational errors, aircraft damage and other incidents and accidents.
20. How can pilots avoid misunderstanding? Good level of English helps to avoid miscommunication between pilots and ATCs and increases flight safety. We should use standard phraseology, avoid unnecessary words, ask for clarification if we don’t understand some information, keep sterile cockpit to avoid distractions. We have to use plain English for non routine situations
35. What types of decompression are you familiar with? Do you know how long explosive depressurization takes, what risks it is accompanied by? explosive decompression, rapid decompression; and slow or gradual decompression.
Explosive decompression takes less than 0,5 seconds. The cabin air may fill with dust and debris and fog caused by drop in temperature and change in relative humidity. Crew may be momentarily dazed or shocked, and may therefore be slow to fit oxygen masks. The risk of lung trauma is very high, as is the danger from any unsecure objects which can fly around the aircraft.
What risks does gradual depressurization pose to humans? What can the lack of oxygen result in?
Slow or gradual depressurization can only be detected by instruments. It occurs so slowly that it may go unnoticed before hypoxia sets in. The great danger of such depressurization is crew incapacitation.
Are you familiar with any incidents or accident related to press. system?
B737 of Helios Airways
Yes, there is B737 of Helios Airways, which hit a mountain after running of fuel. The accident was caused by cabin depressurization and both pilots incapacitation because pressurization system was turned off.
Could you name some reasons for fire on board?
Fire may be caused by a number of reasons:
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Technical problem such as: wheel well overheating, breaking system overheating, electrical short circuit, engine failure, fuel leakage, chemical fire in batteries.
Outside factors for example lightning strike, hail, bird strike.
Human factor.
Ignition of dangerous flammable goods.
40. What Aircraft equipment can detect and extinguish fire on board?
Smoke detectors which are installed in passenger compartments, on flight deck, in cargo holds and in toilets. Automatic fire extinguishing systems, portable fire extinguishers, fire axes, smoke fire blankets.
42. Possible pilot’s actions of passenger ACFT in case of fire on board?
Suffocate fire by cutting off the oxygen supply, declare an emergency, perform emergency descent and make attempt to extinguish fire on board.
43. Are you familiar with any incidents related to fire on board?
On 2 September 1998, MD-11 performing flight from NY to Geneva and crashed into Atlantic Ocean southwest of Halifax Int. Airport. The flammable material which was used in aircraft structure started to flame because of short circuit.
Could you name some reasons for problem with fuel on board?
I know 4 reasons of fuel problem there is fuel contamination, fuel starvation, fuel leak and fuel load miscalculate.
45. Are you familiar with… fuel problem?
17.01.2008 British Airways Flight 38 performed flight from Beijing to London Heathrow Airport and landed just short of the runway at its destination. Ice crystals in the fuel were the cause of the incident.
46. What are the reasons for engine failure? The main reasons for engine failure are: engine icing, engine surge, fuel leaks, improper fuel, bird ingestions, damage caused by hail or lightning strikes and careless ground service.
47. What are pilot’s actions in case of engine failure. In case of an engine failure crew members should check engine parameters, shut down engine and restart it afterwards.
48. Are you familiar with any incidents or accident related to engine failure?
in 2009 an Airbus A320 has made emergency landing on river due to bird strike which took place shortly after take off. Both engines have failed and crew decided to shut them down. After that A320 has made a successful ditching on the Hudson river.
49. What are dangerous goods and their types?
Dangerous Goods are defined as those things which may cause danger to aircraft and / or its occupants if they are carried, and must therefore either be prohibited altogether or carried only when subject to specific restrictions on their packaging, quantity carried, stowage location, proximity to other items, or category of flight. According to the type of danger materials or items present dangerous goods is broken down into nine classes 1. Explosives; 2. Gases; 3.Flammable Liquids; 4. Flammable Solids; 5. Oxidizing Substances; 6. Toxic & Infectious Substances; 7.Radioactive Material; 8. Corrosives; 9.Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
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50. Are you familiar with any investigations with dangerous goods on board? (see engine fire)
51. What medical problems can be life-threatening for passengersin flight?
In flight we can face the following medical problems: heart attack, epileptic seizures, breathing difficulties, drug or alcohol intoxication, hypoglycemic episodes, loss of consciousness, bleeding, injuries, baby delivery.
What are the most common causes of pilots incapacitation in flight?
Gastrointestinal problems (stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting), heart problems and fainting, uncontrollable behaviour as consequences of stress and fatigue.
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