ENGLISH LAW AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM
English law and judicial system have been made by the judges and Parliament who had the same economic, political and moral outlook as the ruling class they have represented.
At the present time the English judicial system is pyramidal in organization. There are two separate systems of trial courts in England : one for criminal cases, the other for civil cases. The separation of the civil and criminal courts is largely a legal fiction, the same judges are presiding over both courts.
On the civil side are the High Court, a court of general jurisdiction and the County Courts, which have only limited jurisdiction. On the criminal side are the Crown Court, as a court of general jurisdiction, and the Magistrates`Courts having only limited jurisdiction.
The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates` court. More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in County courts.
Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates` courts are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law.
The highest court of appeals in England and Wales is the House of Lords. Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.
The legal system also includes juvenile courts(which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners`courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals, which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).
Comprehension Questions.
1.Who has English law and judicial system been made by?
2.What are the systems of trial courts in England?
3.What courts are on the civil side?
4.What courts are on the criminal side?
5.What is the most common type of law court in England and Wales?
6.What is the highest court of appeals in England and Wales?
7.What other kinds of courts are there in the legal system of England?
8.What do these courts deal with?
Vocabulary Practice.
1. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
1.English law and judicial system have a)trial
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been made by the .... and Parliament. b)cases
2.At the present time the English judicial c)the House of Lords
system is .... in organization. d)judges
3.There are two separate systems of .... e)pyramidal
courts in England : one for criminal f)County courts
cases, the other for civil cases. g)magistrates` court
4.The most common type of law court in h)appeals
England and Wales is the ....
5.Civil cases are dealt with in ....
6. .... are heard by higher courts.
7.The highest court of appeals in England
and Wales is ....
8.Certain .... may be referred to the
European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.
2. Translate into English.
Судова система Англiї була створена суддями та Парламентом. За нашого часу англiйська судова система має пiрамiдальну органiзацiю. В Англiї iснують двi окремi судовi системи: одна для кримiнальних справ, iнша для громадянських справ. Кримiнальними справами займаються Суд Корони, як суд загальноi юрисдикцii, та магiстратури, якi мають тiльки обмежену юрисдикцiю. Громадянськими справами - Вищий Суд та суди графств. Найбiльш поширений тип судiв в Англii та Уельсi – мирові суди. Бiльш cерйознi кримiнальнi справи надходять до Суду Корони, який має 90 фiлiй в рiзних мiстах. Громадянськими справами (наприклад, розлучення або банкрутство) займаються суди графств. Апеляцiї розглядаються вищими судами. Найвищий апеляцiйний суд в Англii та Уельсi - це палата лордiв. До правовоi системи Англii також належать суди з справ неповнолiтнiх (якi мають справу з правопорушниками, яким ще не виповнилося 17 рокiв) та суди коронерiв (якi розслiдують насильницькi, раптовi або неприроднi смертi).Також iснують адмiнiстративнi трибунали, якi мають справу з професiйними нормами або суперечками мiж приватними особами та урядовими вiддiлами.
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TOPIC 6
The American Court System
WORD LIST
judicial system – судова система
coexist – співіснувати
distinct – різний
precedent – прецедент
tier – ряд, ярус
circuit – судовий округ
Associate Justice – член Верховного суду
Chief Justice – голова Верховного суду
Justice of the peace – мировий судя
litigation – судовий процес
preliminary hearing – попереднє слухання.
Lexical exercises
1.Match the given English noun phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:
1. district court 1. Верховний суд
2. Associate Justices 2. судовий прецедент
3. courts of appeals 3. суди штатів
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4. Chief Justice 4. мирові судді
5. civil case 5. члени Верховного суду
6. the Supreme Court 6. кримінальна справа
7. state courts 7. попереднє слухання
8. criminal case 8. районний суд
9. federal courts 9.голова Верховного суду
10. judicial precedent 10. апеляційні суди
11. justices of the peace 11. цивільна справа
12. preliminary hearings 12. федеральні суди
2.Match the given verbs and English verb phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:
1. to apply laws 1. переглядати справу
2. to hear a case 2. бути головою у суді
3. to create laws 3. відповідати(за)
4. to decide a case 4. застосовувати закони
5. to interpret the meaning of laws 5. призначати довічно
6. to review a case 6. розглядати справу
7. to preside over a court 7. створювати закони
8. to try a case 8. слухати справу
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to have responsibility (for) 9. вирішувати справу
10. to appoint for life 10. тлумачити значення
законів
3.Translate the folloving words and word combinations:
judicial system, magisrate, district courts, the court of appeals, circuit, the Supreme
Court, Justice, Chief Justice, justices of the peace, civil case, preliminary hearings, criminal case.
4.Translate the following verbs and verb phrases:
to coexist, to interpret the law, to apply the law, to try a case, to appoint for life, to create laws, to appeal, to approve, to review cases, to preside over a court, to decide cases.
5. Give English equivalents for the words below.
Співіснувати;суди штатів; федеральні суди; ярус, ряд; судовий розгляд; окружні суди; апеляційні суди; вищі суди; нижчі суди; мировий суддя.
6. Read and translate the text.
The American Court System.
The United States of America has the most complex judicial system in the world . It has a dual court structure and two distinct systems of law, state and federal. The federal courts coexist with the state courts. As a matter of fact, the nation has fifty-one sets of courts (in fifty states and District of Columbia), fifty-one systems of law, and fifty-one collections of judicial precedents for magistrates to follow.
The state court system consists of a variety of state courts in each of the fifty states. These courts have responsibility for interpreting and applying laws in accordance with each state’s constitution. The federal court system has responsibility for interpreting and applying the laws created by the federal government under the authority of the constitution of the United States.
The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid are the US district courts, where litigation begins. There are about ninety district courts in different parts of the United States. In the middle of the pyramid are the US courts of appeals. The country is divided into eleven “circuits”, each of these being served with a court of appeal. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The highest court in the country is the US Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of the United States is composed of eight associate justices and the Chief Justice, all of whom are appointed by the President for life, and the appointment must be approved by the Senate. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions, they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.
At the base of the state judicial system are the courts presided over by justices of the peace. Justices of the peace are local officials usually without formal legal training who are elected for a two- or four-years term. They try minor civil and criminal cases and conduct preliminary hearings in some more serious cases. Their jurisdiction usually extends throughout the country.
According to the US judicial doctrine, “justice is a relationship in which each citizen or group receives due respect and return”.
Comprehension Questions.
1. What are the main systems of law in the USA?
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