Make questions using the words given.
Model: anything / happen / recently? – Has anything happened recently?
1. you / read / any books recently? – …
2. you / hear / from Tom in the past few days? – …
3. you / buy / any new records recently? – …
4. you / eat / anything today? – …
5. you / see / any good films recently? – …
6. it / snow / here this year yet? – …
Translate the questions and answers.
Model: Когда ты в последний раз видел Аню. – Я не видел ее с мая.
When did you last see Ann? – I haven't seen her since May.
1. Когда в последний раз шел дождь? – Дождя не было целую вечность.
2. Когда они навещали вас в последний раз? – Они не навещали нас с июня.
3. Когда ты в последний раз играл в теннис? – Я уже давно не играл в теннис.
4. Когда ты в последний раз ела кокос? – Я никогда не ела кокос.
5. Когда ты в последний раз водил машину? – Я не водил машину много месяцев.
6. Когда ты в последний раз ездил в Канаду? – Я никогда не ездил в Канаду.
7. Когда она тебе писала в последний раз? – Она не писала с прошлого лета.
Translate into English using Present Perfect.
1. Они построили новый дом. Ты его видел? 2. Ты показал маме свою картину? – Нет, она еще не готова. 3. Я посмотрел этот фильм. А ты? – Да. Это интересный фильм. 4. Ты был в Лондонском зоопарке? – Да. 5. Отец только что вернулся с моря. 6. Возьми эти журналы. Я уже прочитал их.
7. Вы были когда-нибудь в Греции? – Да, это очень красивая страна. 8. Мы еще не сделали опыт. 9. Она никогда не переводила такие трудные статьи. 10. Я звонил ему три раза сегодня. 11. Сегодня он уехал в Нью-Йорк.
12. Ты видел директора сегодня? – Нет.
Translate into English. The first sentence is done for you.
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1. Я звоню тебе уже третий раз за вечер. – It's the third time I've phoned you this evening.
2. Ты опоздала уже второй раз на этой неделе.
3. Машина ломается уже третий раз за месяц.
4. Я выпила уже пятую чашку кофе за вечер.
Keys
1. 1. have never met; 2. has just gone; 3. haven't seen; 4. have already posted;
5. has helped; 6. have been; 7. has taken; 8. have never studied; 9. have sold; haven't left.
2. 1. Yes, she has done them. 2. Yes, I have cooked it. 3. Yes, she has learnt it by heart. 4. Yes, I have used it. 5. Yes, he has eaten it. 6. Yes, I have found them. 7. Yes, he has washed it. 8. Yes, I have heard them.
3. 1. have stopped; 2. want, have not seen; 3. is, has always been; 4. Have you read, do you think; 5. have not been, is, have never been; 6. Do you know, have you known, have known; 7. are, have wanted, have not done; 8. Do you realize, have known, is, have asked; 9. Do you know, has just left, is, is, has been, has never bought; 10. have been; 11. have not seen; 12. has he been, seems; 13. have known, have never seen.
4. 1. Father has got a new job in South Africa. 2. He and Mother have left for Cape Town. 3. Mary has married an architect from Canada. 4. I have passed my law exams. 5. I've met the man for me.
5. 1. He has overslept; 2. We have run out of bread; 3. She has caught a bad cold; 4. They have switched off their VCR.
6. 1. Yes, she has just come from the market. 2. Yes, I've just phoned him.
3. No, thanks, I've just had a cup.
7. 1. been; 2. been; 3. gone; 4. gone.
8. 1. I've already had a bath. 2. I've already bought some. 3. I've already asked him. 4. haven't invited them yet; going to invite them. 5. he's already arrived.
6. has not written to him yet; is going to write to him.
9. 1. Have you ever been to Scotland? 2. Have your parents lived here all their lives? 3. Have you ever heard this concert? 4. How many times have you been married? 5. Has he ever met the President? 6. Have you ever visited the White House?
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10.1. Yes, it's the fastest car I've ever driven. 2. Yes, it's the warmest coat I've ever had. 3. Yes, they're the nicest people I've ever met.
11. 1. Is this the first time you've skated? – Yes, I've never skated before. – No, it's the second time I've skated this winter.
2. Is this the first time you've played volley-ball? – Yes, I've never played volley-ball before. – No, it's the second time I've played volley-ball this year.
3. Is this the first time you've ever been to / in London? – Yes, I've never been to / in London before. – No, it's the second time I've come to London.
12.1. Have you read any books recently? 2. Have you heard from Tom in the past few days? 3. Have you bought any new records recently? 4. Have you eaten anything today? 5. Have you seen any good films recently? 6. Has it snowed here this year yet?
13.1. When did it rain last? – It hasn't rained for ages. 2. When did they last visit you? – They haven't visited us since June. 3. When did you last play tennis? – I haven't played tennis for a long time. 4. When did you last eat coconut? – I have never eaten coconut. 5. When did you last drive a car? – I haven't driven for six months. 6. When did you last go to Canada? – I've never been to Canada. 7. When did she last write to you? – She hasn't written to me since last summer.
14.1. They have built a new house. Have you seen it yet? 2. Have you shown your picture to your mother? – No, it isn't ready yet. 3. I have seen this film, and you? – Yes, I have. It's an interesting film. 4. Have you been to the London Zoo? – Yes, I have. 5. Father has just come back from the sea. 6. Take these magazines. I've already read them. 7. Have you ever been to / in Greece? – Yes, I have. It's a very beautiful country. 8. We haven't finished the experiment yet.
9. She has never translated such difficult articles. 10. I have called him three times today. 11. He has left for New York today. 12. Have you seen the director today? – No, I haven't.
15. 2. It's the second time you've been late this week. 3. It's the third time the car has broken down this month. 4. It's the fifth cup of coffee I have drunk tonight.
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Прошедшее совершенное время
(The Past Perfect Tense)
Past Perfect образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to have в форме прошедшего времени – had и Past Participle смыслового глагола. На русский язык переводится прошедшим временем совершенного, реже несовершенного вида глагола.
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
| I had written, asked. | Had I written, asked? | I had not (hadn't) written, asked. |
| He (she, it) had written, asked. | Had he (she, it) written, asked? | He (she, it) had not (hadn't) asked, written. |
| We (you, they) had written, asked. | Had we (you, they) written, asked? | We (you, they) had not (hadn't) written, asked. |
Past Perfect употребляется для обозначения действия, закончившегося раньше определенного момента времени в прошлом или раньше (до) другого действия в прошлом. Поэтому Past Perfect называют "предпрошедшим" временем. Момент времени, к которому завершилось "предпрошедшее" действие, может быть выражен:
1. обстоятельством времени с предлогом by: by six o'clock к шести часам, by the end of January к концу января, by the last week к прошлой неделе.
By the end of January all our students had passed their credits and examinations. – К концу января все наши студенты сдали зачеты и экзамены.
2. другим действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite.
When I phoned him he had(already)left for Moscow.– Когда я ему позвонил, он уже уехал в Москву.
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Before they wrote a test, they had revised many grammar rules.– Перед тем, как написать контрольную работу, они повторили много грамматических правил.
After we had heard this news, we phoned them at once.– После того, как мы услышали эту новость, мы им сразу же позвонили.
Как видно из примеров, Past Perfect часто употребляется в сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточным времени, которое вводится союзами when, before, after.
3. Если в связном контексте при изложении последовательных действий в прошлом упоминается другое действие, которое им предшествовало, т. е. произошло раньше событий, являющихся основной темой изложения, то это действие выражается глаголом в Past Perfect.
Our train was approaching Paris. It was my first visit to it. I had never been to any European capital before.– Наш поезд приближался к Парижу. Это был мой первый визит туда. Я никогда не был ни в одной европейской столице.
Если речь идет о нескольких действиях, которые в прошлом совершались одно за другим, через незначительные промежутки времени, то все глаголы употребляются в Past Indefinite.
He unlocked the door, entered the hall and switched the light on.– Он открыл дверь, вошел в коридор и включил свет.
Exercises
Use Past Perfect.
Models: Why didn't you listen to that play on the radio? (hear / before).
– I didn't listen to that play on the radio, because I had heard it before.
1. Why didn't you see Fred when you came to Moscow? (leave)
2. Why didn't Kate want to go to the cinema? (see the film)
3. Why didn't you tell him my new address? (forget)
4. Why didn't Jeff hear about Kate's examination? (pass)
5. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (spend all the money)
6. Why couldn't you get into your flat at once? (lose the key)
7. What did you learn about Bob? (get married)
8. What did she read in the newspaper about the expedition? (return)
9. What did he learn about Helen from the letter he received? (be ill for a month)
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